TARRAGONA. 



TAURICA CHERSONESUS. 



833 



arms. Shortly after the Tarquinienses sued for a truce, which was 

 granted for forty years. At a later period Tarquinii became a Roman 

 Hunicipium (Cicero, ' pro Csecin.,' 4). 



The site of the ancient Tarquinii ia clearly discernible in the ruins 

 still extant on the hill of Tarchino, near the modern town of Corneto. 

 The place has in modern times acquired a peculiar interest through 

 the numerous works of art which have been discovered in the tombs 

 and catacombs. Host important are the paintings with which the 

 walls of the catacombs are decorated ; but besides these, thermic and 

 temples with inscriptions, mosaics and vases, and other works of art, 

 are found there. 



TARRAGONA. [CATALCXA.] 



TARSHISH, a place mentioned in the Old Testament, particularly 

 in connection with the commerce of the Hebrews and Phoenicians. In 

 Gen. x. 4, the name occurs among the sons of Javan, who are supposed 

 to have peopled the southern parts of Europe. In other passages it 

 ia mentioned as sending to Tyre silver, iron, tin, and lead. The 

 prophet Jonah, attempting to avoid bii mission to Nineveh, fled from 

 Joppa in a ship bound to Tarahifh. In several passages of the Bible 

 ' ships of Tarshish ' are spoken of, especially in connection with 

 Tyre. Tarshish is generally identified with the Phoenician emporium 

 of Tartessus in Spain, a place which would undoubtedly furnish the 

 products said to have been brought from Tarshiah. Aramaean pronun- 

 ciation of ' Tarshish ' would be ' Turthesh,' which would at once 

 become the Greek Tartessus. There seems now little doubt that the 

 Tarshish of the Hebrews and Phoenicians and the Tartesaus of the 

 Greeks are identical with Carttia, an ancient city, which stood at the 

 head of the bay of Algtciras, about 4 or 5 miles W. from Calpe, or 

 Gibraltar. A hill called El-Rocadillo, midway between Gibraltar and 

 Algeciras, is ascertained to have been the site of Carteia. Numerous 

 coin* of the city have been found ; there are remains of an amphi- 

 theatre, and the ancient walls may still be partly traced. These 

 remains however and the coins belong to the Roman imperial period ; 

 the coins bear the bend of the Tyrian Hercules, who was especially 

 worshipped here, and in whose Phoenician name (Mel-C'r(A) Bochart 

 seeks the original root of all the name* of the city. The Romans 

 would retain the Punic name Carteia, which, according to statement 

 in Strabo, Pliny, Pausanias, Mela, Appian, and other ancient author*, 

 was considered to be identical with Tartetsns. 



Of Tartessus nothing is known except its traditional renown as a 

 great and wealthy emporium of the Phoenician trade. , Carteia was 

 one of the cities of the Bastuli Pccni, who were a mixed Iberian and 

 Phoenician race. It was an important naval station in the second 

 Punic war, when it witnessed the defeat of the Carthaginian fleet 

 under Adherbalby Lselitu (B.C. 206). In B.C. 171 it was colonised by 

 4000 men, the offspring of Roman soldiers and Spanish women. 

 During the civil war in Spain Carteia was the chief naval station of 

 Cneius Pompey, who took refuge here after his defeat at Munda, but 

 was obliged to leave it on account of the disaffection of part of the 

 citizens. 



TARSUS, a city of Cilicia Campeatris, on the Cydnua, in Asia 

 Minor, is situated about 12 miles from the sea, in about 36 55' N. Int., 

 1 E. long. There are various fabulous K-geuds about iU origin. 

 Stcphanun Byzantinus says it waa founded by Sardauapalus. Xeno- 

 phon, ' Anab.,' i. 2, describes Tarsus aa a great and flourishing city 

 when it was taken and plundered by the younger Cyrus, who after- 

 wards concluded a treaty with Syenncsis, king of Cilicia, who had his 

 palace there. Alexander the Great arrived at Tarsus just in time to 

 save it from being burnt by the Persians. The city joined the party 

 of Julius C.xsar, in honour of whom it took the name of Juliopolia ; 

 it was in consequence severely punished by Cassius, and rewarded 

 afterwards by Antony, who made Tarsus a free city. Tarsus enjoyed 

 the favour of Augustus, whose tutor Athcuodorus, a Stoic, was a 

 native of this place, and persuaded the emperor to release his country- 

 men from all taxation. Tarsus continued to be a wealthy and im- 

 portant city under the emperors. The Tarsians, according to Strabo, 

 excelled in quickness of repartee and every kind of ready wit ; and 

 their schools of philosophy were not less celebrated than those of 

 Athens and Alexandria, Tarsus waa a metropolis, a free city, and 

 tax-free, as before stated. St. Paul was a native of Tarsus. Jupiter, 

 Apollo, Hercules, and Perseun are frequent types on the coins of 

 Tarsus, and confirm the testimony of Dion Cbrysostoin (' Oral.,' 33, 

 20), who mentions these among the chief deities of the place. 



Tarsus was seized by the Arabs during the early times of their 

 empire, and was strongly fortified by Harun at Rashid, whose son and 

 successor, Al Mamun, was buried there, A.D. 833. It was recovered by 

 Nicepborus Phocas, the successor of Constantino Porphyrogennetus, 

 after a great resistance. Ebn Haukal, who wrote in the 10th century, 

 describes 'Tarsou*' as a considerable town, with adouble wall of stone, 

 as a strong and pleasant place, and as containing above 1000 horse- 

 men. Tarsus was afterwards retaken by the Arabx, but it was wrested 

 from them by the Crusaders, under the command of Tancred. 

 William of Tyre describes it at this time as a metropolis of Cilicia, 

 with suffragnu towns, and a population of Greeks anil Armenians, 

 much oppressed hy the Arabs. In the 13th century, during the 

 kbalifate of Mostazem, the Arabs attempted to recover Tarsus, bat 

 !'.:il"'l. It wu finally taken by Mohammed II., in 1458. 



Very few remains of ancient Tarsus exist; at the north-west end of 

 OKOO. onr. VOL. ir. 



the ancient town is part of an old gateway, aud near it a very large 

 mound, apparently artificial, with a flat top ; 011 aa eminence to the 

 south-west are the ruins of a spacious circular edifice, probably the 

 gymnasium. The Cydnus (now called the river of Tersoos) was 

 navigable up to Tarsus in ancient times. It flowed into a kind of lako 

 called Rhegma, which had dockyards and formed the port of Tarsus. 

 The deposits of the river have filled up the lake, and the mouth of 

 the Cydnus is so obstructed by sand-bars that only small boats can 

 enter, but inside the bar the river is still deep aud about 160 feet 

 wide, 



TARTARY. [TDRKISTAX.] 



TARTA8. [LASDES.] 



TARTASH-TAGH. [BoLon-TAGH.] 



TARTESSUS. [TARSHISH.] 



TARUDANT. [MAKOCCO.] 



TARUN. [PERSIA.] 



TARVIN. [CHESHIRE.] 



TASKHEND. [TCHKISTAN.] 



TASMANIA. [VAN DIEMEN'S LAND.] 



TATA. [H UNCART] 



TATTA. [HINDUSTAN.] 



TATTERSHALL. [LINCOLNSHIRE.] 



TAUAI. [SANDWICH ISLANDS.] 



TAUNTON, Somersetshire, an ancient market-town, parliamentary 

 borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated in a fertile 

 ale called Taunton Dean, in 51 1' N. lat, 3 6' \V. long., distant 

 46 miles S.W. from Bath, 1 41 miles W.S.W. from London by road, 

 and 163 miles by the Great Western and Bristol and Exeter railways. 

 The population of the borough in 1851 was 14,176. The borough ia 

 governed by two bailiffs chosen annually, two constables, and two 

 portreeves, and returns two members to the Imperial Parliament. 

 The living is a perpetual curacy in the archdeaconry of Tauntou and 

 diocese of Bath and Wells. Taunton Poor-Law Union contains 38 

 parishes and townships, with an area of 70,452 acre?, and a population 

 in 1851 of 35,114. 



Taunton was a place of considerable importance in the Anglo-Saxon 

 period. A castle was built after the Conquest by one of the bishops 

 of Winchester, to whom the town and manor were granted. Perkin 

 Warbeck held the castle and town for a short time ; and in the civil 

 wars Taunton sustained a long siege under Blake against 10,000 

 Royalist troops. 



The town is about a mile long ; the principal streets are well paved 

 and lighted with gas. The woollen manufacture waa established at 

 Tauuton in the 14th century, but has long since decayed ; at preseut 

 the only manufacture is that of silk, called here 'silk throwsting.' 

 The river Tone is crossed here by a stone bridge of two arches ; but 

 the river is only partially navigable, and the water communication is 

 mainly by a caual between Taunton and Bridgewater, a distanc i of 

 124 milea : them ia a branch from this canal to Chard. The market- 

 house stands in a spacious open area called the- Parade. Ou the west 

 side of the Parade is a handsome building of the Ionic order, erected 

 in 1321, the upper part of which is appropriated as a library, museum, 

 and reading-room ; and underneath, and in the rear, are the markets 

 for fish, poultry, dairy produce, &c. The castle is used for the 

 i-ourto. The Taunton and Somerset Institution, established in 1823, 

 contains a good library, and a large public reading- and news-room. 

 The church of St. Mary Magdalen, formerly n chapel to Taunton 

 Priory, is a spacious and handsome edifice in the perpendicular style. 

 St. James's church is a plain edifice with an ancient square tower. 

 Trinity church is a gotbic building, erected in 1842. The Wcaleyan 

 Methodists, Roman Catholics, Independents, Baptists, Quakers, and 

 Unitarians have chapels. The Grammar school was founded by Fox, 

 bishop of Winchester, in 1522. There are National, British, and 

 Infant schools. The West of England Dissenters' Proprietary school, 

 founded in 1847, had 11*2 pupils in 1854. The Wesley an MethodistR 

 have a college here. There are in Taunton a mechanic*' institute, a 

 savings bauk, and a philharmonic society. The Somerset Archaeo- 

 logical Society has iU museum and its meetings in Taunton. A 

 county court is held. Among the benevolent institutions are the 

 Taunton and Somerset Hospital, and the Eye and Ear Infirmary. 

 The markets are held on Wednesday aud Saturday ; a fair ia held on 

 June 17th. 



TAUNTON. [MASSACHUSETTS.] 



TAUNUS. [PRUSSIA.] 



TAUTIICA CHERSONE'SUS was the ancient name of the penin- 

 sula which juts out southward from European Sarmatia, between the 

 1'ontus Euxinua (Black Sea) and the Palus Miootis (Sea of Azof). It is 

 now called the CKIMKA, under which head its form and physical 

 features are described. The isthmus which connects it with tho 

 mainland was called Ta/>/irof, or Taphrce, and there appears to have 

 been a town called Taphroa upon the isthmus; and both most probably 

 took their name from the ditch (Ta<j>pos) which crossed the isthmus 

 and was fortified. (Strabo, vii. p. 308 ; Pliny, iv. 26 ; Mela, ii. 1.) On 

 the west of this isthmus was the Sinus Carcinites, now tho Gulf of 

 Perekop ; and on the east the shallow waters of the Putrid Sea (Palus 

 Putria), now called the Ssiwash. The south western point of the 

 peninsula waa the promontory Parthcnion, which is either the modern 

 Cape Kherson or Cape St. George. The southern promontory was 



3 F 



