80S 



TELLICHEKRY. 



TEMESVVAR. 



808 



East and West Teignmouth now form one town. East Teignmouth 

 church is near the sea-shore ; it was lately rebuilt on an enlarged 

 scale. West Teignmouth church is a large inelegant octagonal struc- 

 ture, with a tower at one of the angles; it waa built in 1815. The 

 Independents, Wesleyan Methodists, and Baptists have places of 

 worship, and there are National schools. The public assembly 

 rooms, erected in 1826, is a large building with an Ionic pediment and 

 a Doric colonnade. On the Den, an opeu space by the sea, is a fine 

 promenade. Teignmouth is much frequented as a bathing-place. 

 There are large exports of granite from the Haytor quarries, manga- 

 nese, pipe-clay, pottera'-clay, timber, bark, and cider : the imports are 

 of culm, coal, deals, iron, Ac. There is a considerable fishery for 

 soles, mackerel, and pilchards on the coast, and for salmon in the river 

 Teign. The bridge over the Teign, opened in 1827, is 1671 feet long. 

 It consists of 34 arches supported on iron trasses ; over the main- 

 channel there is a swing bridge, to allow the passage of ships. The 

 market in East Teignmouth is on Saturday for provisions : there are 

 three fairs also in East Teignmouth. 



TELLICHERRY. [HIKDCSTAN.] 



TEHE, HIV EH. [SHROPSHIRE.] 



TEMESH, or TEMES, RIVER. [AUSTRIA; HUXGABV.] 



TKMKSWAR. The southern part of the country formerly called 

 Hungary, from the Danube and the Save on the south to near 46 N. 

 lat. on the north, from Transylvania on the east to the Danube on the 

 west, has been recently formed into a Crownland of the Austrian 

 empire, called the Woiteodetchaft of Scrvia and Temetvar Banal. 

 The Crownland comprises what used to be called the Banat of Temes- 

 war and the Bacsca. The total area of the Crownland is 10,686 square 

 miles, and the population in 1851 was estimated at 1,380,757. The 

 area and population are thus distributed among the 5 circles into 

 which the Crownland is divided : 



Population in 1851. 



280,808 

 219,805 

 IM,T69 

 349,436 

 193,943 



1,380,717 



The Temeswar Banat comprise* the districts of ToronUl, Temts, 

 and Krauova, with certain portions of the Military Frontier towards 

 Wallachia. It is bounded N. by the Maros, W. by the river Theiss 

 and the Danube, S. by the Danube, and E. by the Cserna and the 

 offsets of the Carpathians, which divide it from Little Wallachia and 

 Transylvania. It is remarkable for great varieties of climate : in 

 the eastern districts the snow on the high mountains and iu the deep 

 ravines never melts, and in other districts snow fall* only in severe 

 winters. A third part of the country, from the district of Knusova 

 and extending between the Maros and the Danube, east of the Karuch, 

 is mountainous, and almost everywhere well watered. 



The district of Torontal extends from the Maros along the Theiss, 

 and comprises the lower parts of the bains of the Temes and the 

 Bega. It is a country of vast plains and marshes, with a warm but 

 not salubrious climate, and a very fertile soil The central part of 

 the Banat comprises the circle of Temeswar, which is similar in soil 

 and climate to the preceding, but lies nearer tho mountains. 



The ground which has been gained by draining the morasses on the 

 banks of the Theiss and tho Danube, and in the more elevated tracts 

 by clearing the old forests, is extremely fruitful. The principal points 

 of the high mountains are Sarko, Qugti, Muraru, Oodjan ; on the 

 lower mountains there are vast foresti and fine pastures. The 

 principal rivers are the Danube, Theiss, Maros, which flow on the 

 boundaries; the Alt-Bega, a feeder of the Theiss, which traverses 

 part of the plain of Temeswar and Torontal : the Temes, or Temetch, 

 which rises in the high mountains on the eastern frontier, and flows 

 north-west past Lugos, thence westward, and then south-south-west 

 through avast plain intersected by marshes and woods to the Danube, 

 which it enters by two months below Panosova : the Bega, a feeder of 

 the Temes, which flows northward from Mount Bunka and joins the 

 Temes on the right bank between Lugos and Temeswar : the Karaik, or j 

 Kara*, which flows nearly south from the western slopes of themoun- I 

 tains in the Knusova district to its month in the Danube near Uj- 

 Palanka : the ffera, which drains the southern slopes of the same 

 mountains, and joins the Danube just below the mouth of the Karasch : 

 and the Cierna, which rises in Little Wallachia and flows southward 

 between high mountain ridges into the Danube on the frontier below 

 Alt-Orsova, 



CanaU have been made to drain the marches. The principal of these 

 a the Bega Canal, 75 miles in length, which commences in the 

 Krascova district, and after skirting the Bega, passes into the district 

 and through tho town of Temeswar. It then turns south-west, 

 and traversing a great part of the plain of Torontal, it joins the Alt- 

 Bega above Nagy Bekkerek. The Allibunar marshes, between the 

 Karasch and the Temesch, are drained by the Borzava Canal and some 

 connected cuts. By the draining of the marshes, tracts which were 



formerly sources of pestilential exhalations, are now covered with 

 the finest corn-fields, or, where they have been imperfectly reclaimed, 

 with crops of rice, and the salubrity of the country has been greatly 

 improved. The protectiou which the mountains give against the east 

 and north-east winds, and the mitigation which the north winds expe- 

 rience in traversing the great plain, raise the temperature to that of a 

 southern country, and the rich soil yields abundant crops. The wheat 

 and maize of the Banat are of the finest quality. Rice is extensively 

 cultivated. Successful attempts have been made to cultivate cotton 

 and fcilk, and in some parts a sweet wine is produced. Mineral 

 springs are frequent, but little use is made of them. Only those of 

 Mehadia, which were known to the Romans by the name of ' Thermro 

 Herculis," are still much resorted to, especially by the Wallachian and 

 Moldavian nobles. About this place, as well as in other parts of the 

 Banat, Roman antiquities are frequently found. The population of 

 the Banat, which is continually increasing by the accession of foreign 

 settlers, consists chiefly of Servians, Wallachians, Rascians, Magyars, 

 Bulgarians, Gipsies, Germans, Jews, and other foreign settlers. 

 In the mountainous districts, the Wallachian language is pre- 

 valent ; in the towns and colonised plains, the German ; and in the 

 districts of the military frontier, the Illyrian. The natural produc- 

 tions are horses, horned cattle, swine, wheat, maize, rice, flax, hemp, 

 tobacco, fruit, wine, woad, madder, saffron, silk, timber, honey : game 

 of all kinds and fish abound. The minerals are gold, silver, copper, 

 zinc, and some iron. The gold is obtained by the Gipsies, by washing 

 the sand of the rivers. The chief occupations of the inhabitants are 

 agriculture and the breeding of cattle. There are no manufactures 

 of any importance. There are remains of Roman entrenchments 

 from Uj-Palanka, on the Danube, all the way across the plain to the 

 Marosch near Alt-Arad. 



The Bacsca, or district of Bacs-Bodrogh, forms the western part of 

 the Woiwodeschaft of Servia; it lies between the Danube and the 

 Theiss, the bauks of the former river constituting its western and 

 southern boundaries, and those of the latter its eastern. Its surface, 

 with the exception of a semicircular and rather elevated plateau, 

 arching to the south, between Szatanisits above Zombor and Maria- 

 Theresiopel, is an uninterrupted plain. The plateau just mentioned, 

 termed the ' Teletskan Hills,' is situated immediately north of what 

 are called the ' Lesser and Greater Roman Entrenchments,' which 

 extend in a serpentine line from Apatin near the Danube to Foldvar 

 on the Theiss. Between these entrenchments and the Teletskan Hills 

 runs the Bacsca, or Franz Canal, which commences on the Danube, 

 passes Zombor and Verbasz, and joins the Theiss : it is nearly 70 miles 

 in length, and has a breadth of 62 feet, and a depth varying from 

 4 to 6 feet. Teasels from 250 to 300 tons navigate it. The district 

 contains no stream of note besides the Mosztonga, which flows with 

 a sluggish current, forming numberless swamps in its course, into the 

 Danube b> low Bacs. There are several large sheets of water, such as 

 the salt-lake of Polity, near Maria-Theresiopel, and the adjoining lako 

 LudaBto. The soil is in parts of such great-natural fertility as not to 

 require manuring; in others it is utterly arid and sandy : the latter is 

 more especially the character of many districts around Maria-There- 

 siopel, Madaros, Bitja, and Monostor, and others in the northern part of 

 the Bacsca. The productive portion of its surface is estimated at about 

 1,785,700 acres, of which nearly one-half is arable land. In conse- 

 quence of the swamps the climate is iu general insalubrious. The 

 country yields vast quantities of grain ; its wheat in particular is iu 

 great request, from the excellence of its quality, and it is exported in 

 large quantities. The vineyards occupy about 90,000 acres, and an 

 abundance of wine is made iu the neighbourhood of Maria There- 

 siopel, Baja, Zambor, and the Franzen Canal. Fruit is largely pro- 

 duced ; hemp is cultivated to a great extent, and good tobacco is 

 raised. Madder aud woad are grown near Apatin. Woods, parti- 

 cularly of oak, abound along the banks of the Danube. Fuel is scarce; 

 the poor use straw, dried-rushes, and cattle-dung as a substitute. The 

 district contains above 550,000 acres of pasturage, on which cattle, 

 horses, and sheep in considerable numbers and of excellent breeds are 

 reared. 



The Crownland comprises also the Syrmian districts of Rnma aud 

 Illok, which lie between the Danube and the Save, and were formerly 

 included in Slavonia. [CROATIA.] The limiti given to it in this 

 article comprise also a portion of the Military Frontier; but this is 

 under the peculiar government of that portion of the empire as ex- 

 plained under MILITARY FRONTIKR. According to the decree issued 

 on the formation of this Crownland, the emperor is styled the Grnnd- 

 Woiwode of Servia, and the actual governor of the Crowuland takes 

 the title of Vice-Woiwode. The governor is assisted by a ministerial 

 commission nnd a native administrative council. Temeswar is tho 

 capital of the Crowuland. 



Towiu. Temetvar, the capital formerly of the Banat and now of the 

 whole Woiwodeschaft of Servia, is situated in 45 45' if. lat., 21 20' 

 E. long., on the Bega Canal, and baa 20,300 inhabitants. It is one 

 of the strongest fortresses and one of the handsomest and most 

 regular towns in the whole Austrian empire. When Prince Eug&ue 

 took it from the Turks in 1718, strong fortifications were erected, 

 and the town was built in the modern style. The inner towu, or 

 fortress, is surrounded with triple walls and moats, and consists of 

 large uniform stone houses, in straight, broad, well-paved streets. 



