TENNESSEE. 



813 



tract k *7 



and it swap** from it 

 Vort Deposst, in Alabama. At thk place it 



-^ draining 



it thk I 



I ia'to a western eouraa, and after draining 

 fcr **u WO sail-, wtora. to Teaae**o*. In Alabama 

 OB two to three mile*, and ia this part th-re are 

 , whioh are known under the name of the Muuel 

 or eight mik* tho whole of the bed. A 

 unboat* to avoid theae fell* ; the navi 

 ISO mik* above taoso mil* np to the 



Tb lower eoam of" the Tennweee River, a* far a* it lie* 

 , k from aouth to aorta. After having entered Ken- 

 , and fall* into the Ohio. The 



i of the Tannmsii exceeds 1000 mile*; ite descent from 

 to its mouth k about 1700 feet 



rkos ia Kentucky, in the valley formed by the 

 ains and the Laurel Mountains, and traverses the 



j dirtriet of that state by a general western course : after 



a run of about ISO mile* it turn* to the south-wett and enter* Tennessee, 

 wkora U Tff-m resumes ite western course. It drains the northern 

 .1^.^. of Toaataao* by a course of above 200 mile*; and turning 

 rndoalty more to the north, re-enters Kentucky, where ite general 

 conn* k to the aorta. It fall* into the Ohio a few mile* above the 

 i of the TeaaoMO*. Thk river run* about 600 mile*, and a* the 

 i k vary gentle, the navigation ia easy for (loop* and steamboats 

 a* nr as Nashville, SOO miles from ite mouth. Steamboats have 

 isnsadsd to Burketvilk in Kentucky, but their usual upward limit is 

 Cartfcac*- * th confluence of the Caney Fork. The upper couree i* 

 uUUuulsii by extensive shoals iu several places. 



There ar* no canals in the state, but wveral of the riven have been 

 improved aad rendered navigable by artificial adjuncts. In all, there 

 at* twelve line* of railway in Tennessee, having, on the 1st of January, 

 14S4, total of (17 mile* in operation ; and upward* of 900 mile* are 

 stated to be ia course of construction. The chief railway centres are 

 Kaahtille and Knoxville. From Nashville lines diverge northwards 

 toward* Louisville, Cincinnati, Ac. ; outward towards Charleston and 

 fevannah ; aouth ward* towards Mobile and New Orleans : and westwards 

 towards tho Mksisaippi at Memphis, Ac. From Kuoxville lines diverge 

 to Looasville, Hiehmond, and the South Atlantic ports. 



<**W*gw m*d Mmiraliyy. There U a considerable diversity of geolo- 

 fkal f isssliims in the state. Lower Silurian strata, known aa the 

 !** Rivtr aad Nashville group*, occupy a considerable portion of 

 of Tonne****. A narrow strip of Upper Silurian, locally 

 1 gray limestone, and by Mr. Saffbrd the Harpeth and 

 Teaa**ee River group, extend* along the whole of the eastern border 

 of the state. Strata belonging to the Devonian formation, comprising 

 tao apper gray limestone, and extending to a depth of from one to 

 two hundred feet, traverse the state from north to south, west of both 

 tho Uppsr and Lower Silurian deposit*. Carboniferous rock* are 

 silssWisij developed around the Central Silurian group. The Lower 

 CaiboaMniHis strata consist of black slate, siliceous, encriuital, and 

 Upper Carboniferous strata, or coal measures, 

 i from south-west to north-east, and form a connecting 

 I the groat coal basins of the Ohio and Pennsylvania, and 

 those of Akhama. West of the Devonian formation i* a broad belt 

 of cntaoeous rock* ; and wost of these, lying along the Mississippi 

 Kivrr, are tertiary and recent deposit*. 



Th* eastern and middle sections of the state possess considerable 

 wealth. Gold ha* been found in small quantities in the 

 i bordering on North Carolina. Lead exists in the same 

 t, bat k not much worked. Iron ore is found in great 

 i along the Cumberland River ; about 45,000 ton* are pro- 

 sally. Copper ha* been found, and i* expected to afford rich 

 Coal of tolerable quality i* obtained in the Cumberland 

 , but owing to the inaccessible position of the mines, is 

 oaly availabk for local use. Limestone and marble are got in the 

 Cumberland Mountains ; and nitre in abundance in some extensive 

 the mountain region. Salt^spring* are numerous in the 

 i, whore 



part of U> state. 



are also sulphur and other mineral 



Ohmmlt, Pnduttiant, *c The *oil and general character of its 

 already noticed. The climate i* mild and on the 



is, the exceptions being the low valleys and the border* 

 of the great rivatm. In the countriea wet of the Cumberland range 



> are (onerally covered with ioe for a few days in the wint.-r. 

 k to the depth of ten inchee, but seldom lies more than 

 twin or tftosn day* oa the ground. In winter and spring a con- 

 MtlM* quantity of rain falls ; but in the other seasons rain is not 

 ftw|s)*rt, "or do** it continue for any length of time. The air in 



MM parta of Tin k remarkable for ite drynera. 



Th*> sericulture! pfedoet* ar* similar to thoae of the valley of the 

 JUotoisiMral, wrth the addition of cotton, whioh k largely grown in 



of which are annually raked. Wheat U grown in considered . 

 quantities, but not so eitenaivrly as formerly. Oat* an very largely 

 rakil Hie* grown to some extent Tobacco form* one of the 

 MMMf product*, from 20 to M million pounds being grown annually 

 's.s.nsjir, tax, aad hemp, ar* also important crops in some district*. 

 Both oauaoa and sweet potatoes in extensively cultivated. The 



ugar maplo abound*. In the eaatern part of tbo state are extensive 

 pine fore*!*, from which turpentine, tar, Ac., are obtained. 



The roiing of cattle, chiefly for export to the south, is n prii. 

 employment in the eaatern part of Tenuwseo. Hone*, aheep, and 

 swine are also reared in large numbers. Hufialoe* were once n 

 roua, but they have entirely disappeared ; the elk and moose-deer an- 

 only found in the mountain region, where deer are (till abnn 

 ileara, puma*, wild-cat*, wolves, beaver*, otters, and musk-rats are 

 -till met with. Racoons, foxes, squirrels, Ac., are num 

 1'heasante, partridge*, pigeons, swans, wild turkeys, duck*, and gee*o 

 abound. Fish are found iu all the rivers, but not very abundantly. 



Manu/actturt anil Commerce. Altliough there are no great uinnu- 

 'suturing towns in the state, there is a considerable amount of mimu- 

 actnring industry displayed iu and around Nashville, Kno\ 

 Memphis, Ac., and several village* pouess extensive work*. Th. 

 manufacture* are of cotton and woollen good*, iron, machinery, hard- 

 ware, tobacco, paper, earthenware, cord, carriages, saddlery, itc. The 

 ;rit-, flour-, and saw-milla employ about a third of the capital invested 

 n manufacture*. There are likewise numerous tanneries and distil- 

 leries, together with breweries, brick -yards, Ac. 



Tennessee has no direct foreign commerce, it* product* being 

 'orwarded, and ite import* received, by way of New Orleans and the 

 Jouth Atlantic ports, and northwards by way of Pittsburgh and tho 

 akes. The internal trade is very large. 



Divitiont, Town*, <tc. Tennessee is divided into 79 counties ; 28 in 

 Eastern, 32 in Middle, and 19 in Western Tennessee. Nashville is 

 the political capital and the largest town in the state. There are few 

 town* of much size; the following are among the most important : 

 the population is that of 1850 : 



Ifathvillc, the capital, is a city and port of entry, situated on an 

 elevated bluff on the left bank of the Cumberland River, 120 mile* 

 from its mouth, and 714 miles S.W. from Washington, in 30 9' N. 

 86 49' W. long. : population, 10,478. Nashville stands in the midst 

 of a district rich in agricultural and mineral wealth, and is rapidly 

 increasing in trade and population since it has been made the < 

 of a well planned system of railways. The city is regularly laid out, 

 contains a spacious state-house, court-house, university, state prison, 

 lunatic asylum, 14 churches, some of them large and handsome 

 edifices ; numerous schools, and other public buildings. Considerable 

 manufactures are carried on, and there is an extensive river trade. In 

 1850 Nashville district owned river steamers amounting to 3797 tons. 

 In the vicinity of the city is Franklin College. Five daily and seven 

 weekly newspapers are published at Nashville. 



Clarkmtlle, at the confluence of lied lliver with Cumberland River, 

 4 IP mill's N. W. from Nashville, is a place of considerable trade. Columbia, 

 the capital of Maury county, situated on the Duck River, about 40 

 miles S.S.W. from Nashville, population about 2000, is likev, 

 place of local importance, and the seat of Jackson College. Km, 

 u city and the capital of Knox county, stand* ou the river Holston, 

 at the head of the navigation, 160 miles E. by S. from Nashville: 

 population, 2076. It is one of the chief centres of tin- state railways, 

 and appears likely to become an important commercial town. The 

 city is regularly laid out, contains a court-house and other county 

 buildings, several churches and schools, East Tennessee College, and 

 other public buildings. Memphis, next tj Nashville the chief town 

 in Tennessee, stands on a bluff on the Mississippi River, near the 

 south-western corner of the state, about 200 miles W.S.W. IVum 

 Nashville : population, 8839. Memphis has considerable cotton and 

 other manufactories, and is said to be likely to rise into somo con- 

 sequence as a commercial city, A navy-yard is established !T<> 

 capable of building vessels of the largest size. None of its public 

 buildings arc of much architectural value. Mwfreetlorotujli, tin' 

 capital of Rutherford county, and formerly the capital of tin- 

 occupies an elevated site on a branch of Stone River, 30 miles S. K. 

 by S. from Nashville : population, 1917. It is a place of considerable 

 trade, being the centre of a fertile corn and tobacco district. It con- 

 tains the usual county buildings, churches, school.-;, Ac. ; also I'nioii 

 Baptist College. 



Jlittory and Constitution. The fint settlements in Tennessee were 

 made about the middle of the last ct-ntnry, but in 1760 they were 

 destroyed by the Cherokees, then the possessors of this country, from 

 the northern and central part of which they were expelled in 1780. 

 Since that time the number of settlement? has continuously incrc-n-rd. 

 Up to 1790 Tennessee formed a part of North Carolina, but in that 

 year it was ceded by that state to the United States, who iu 1794 

 converted it into a territory. In 1796 it was admitted into the 

 Union as a sovereign state. 



The original constitution of Tennessee was amended in 1834. By 

 it the right of voting i* vested in every white male citizen 21 years 

 old every man to be considered white who is a competent witness in 

 a court of justice. No person who denies the being of a Qod, or the 

 existence of a future state of rewards and punishment*, can hold any 

 otfice in tho state. The general assembly cannot emancipate slaves 

 without the consent of their own. r-. 



The legislature consist* of a Senate of not more than one-thin I Hi.' 

 number of representatives (at present composed of 25 member*), and 

 a Mouse of Representative* of 75 members. The executive power is 

 vested in a governor, who, like the members of the legislature, ia 



