raj 



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slM. UM TUi Janm t Tba town appaan to be of 

 .~-j.T- fcriy ** * BhlI 7 * brothers, duke, of Merc 



af ClBrtnn* A framt battl* wa* fought on UM 14lh of May 1471 

 ttte ha*? B BsUa at* TMrtobwy, W|MU UM Lancastrian* austained a 

 U T 4MML IB 144 UM town wa* taken by UM parliamentary 

 faros*, w*. WU it until UM cioa* of be war. 



The Dmetpal maufcirtui* carried on in Tewkeabury i* the cotton 



" -^ llnntlij On Ue Avon an everal corn milU. Tewkea- 



an rxteaslva earryinf Umde OB the Sawn and Avon. 

 Uo. joiM UM BrUoI and Birmingham railway. The 

 i of U>. aocMBt monastery, now the parirh church, is 

 of Norman date, and consists of a nave, choir, and 

 UlMin'l. with B tower rising from the centre, supported on massive 

 asxi tofty pirn with circular arena*. The Wesleyan Methodist*, 

 Isxianeailaus*. B|rtrt. and Quakm have places of worship. Then 

 an aFn* Uramnar fekool ; National, British, and Infant schools ; a 



Jbank; .rv-K~- : and several medical snd other charitie*. 

 UM town-ball and borough court-room, then an a jail, peni- 



y, and hotw. of correction. A county court i* held in the town. 



Tb. market-bouse is a handsome building, with Doric columns and 

 i supporting a |dimrnt in front Then are a small theatre, 

 I a public library and news-room. The market-days an Wednesday 

 I Saturday. Eight fain an held in the year. In the vicinity i a 

 i take place annually. 



TEXAS, one of the United State* of North America, lies between 

 3T and 36- 30 X. lat., 93* SO' and 106 W. long. It is bounded K. 

 by UM atate of Lonisiaoa ; N.E. by that of Arkansas ; N. by the Indian 

 territory ; W. by the territory of New Mexico ; S.W. by the republic 

 of Mexico ; and S. by the Gulf of Mexico. Ita greatest length from 

 north to south i* 700 mile* ; iu greatest width from east to west, 800 

 miles. Tb* ana is estimated at 325,520 square miles, or nearly equal 

 to UM united anas of Oreat Britain and France. The population in 

 I860 was 112,692 (of whom 53.161 wen slaves), or 0-65 to the square 

 mil*. This howerer does not include the Indians, chiefly occupying 

 the hill country, who wen in 1853 estimated by the Commissioner 

 of Indian Amur* at 29,000. The federal representative population 

 according to UM Coxa* of 1860 was 189,327, in which number three- 

 fiftba of UM litres an included. This, according to the present ratio 

 of m*sentation, entitles the state to send two representatives to 

 Congnss. To the Senate, like each of the other United States, Texas 

 cods two members. 



Serf act, Hfdngrapky, <tc. The surface of so Tast a country is of 

 course greatly Taried, but it may be broadly described as comprising 

 a low and level region, an undulating or prairie tract, and a billy or 

 mountainous district, answering generally to what have been called 

 Southern and Eastern, Middle, and Western Texas. 



The level region occupies the entire coast, and reaches 60 or 80 

 mile* into the interior. For 10 or 12 miles inland the country is 

 subject to inundation, but behind this swampy tract it rises imper- 

 ceptibly for some miles, and then stretches out in a wide plain with a 

 nearly level surface. This plain is from 10 to 30 feet above the water- 

 courses, and with the exception of the low bottoms along the banks 

 of UM riven, it U not subject to inundation. The tide, though it 

 varies only from two to three feet, ascends the rivers to the distance of 

 45 or 60 mile* from the sea in a straight line. The whole of the 

 pUin is wooded, with the exception of the highest tracts of land 

 between the riven, which an destitute of trees, and exhibit fine 

 prairie*. The forests consist of different kinds of oak, hickory, iron- 

 wood, cugar-maple, and other useful trees, which are found in the 

 southern state* of the American Union. The whole of this tract is in 

 process of conversion into sn immense field, producing cotton, maize, 

 wheat, tobacco, and every kind of plants and fruit-trees which grow 

 in the temperate zone and on the borders of the tropics; the sugar- 

 > flourishe* here, but is not much cultivated. 



The undulating country at the back of this plain, though naturally 

 lea* fertile, has a mon genial and healthy climate, and with moderate 

 cnltun appears capable of producing almost unlimited supplies of 

 eon, cotton, and tobacco, while the uplands afford vast and excellent 

 frruing-ground*, being covered with grass, which maintains it* verdure 

 during many months. This U the moat populous and productive 

 portion of the state. The country between the river-bottoms gene- 

 rally rises from them with a gentle acclivity to an elevation of 200 to 

 400 fe*t, and present* for the most part an undulating xurface, on 

 wbich isolated hills of moderate elevation an dispersed. By far the 

 t part of this tract U destitute of tree*, which occur only in 



np* about UM bate* and declivities of the hill-, and at 



i distance* from one another. 



Texas, the billy and mountainous district, include* tho 

 oatlMni portion of the Sierra Sagramcnto, and a nearly parallel range 

 oa UM *B*t called UM Ouadalupe Mountains. This region is little 

 known, being a* yet left to the Indian tribes, chiefly Cumanches, to 

 UM wild animals, and to tb* hunter. Many of the mountains on 

 beUtved to ria* mon than 2000 feet above their base*. Moat of the 

 rivers of Texas have their origin in the mountain region, and American 

 writers apanalate freely on what it may become when UM ' water-power 1 

 fc tairiy tanad to account 



i oww much of iU gnat capability for agricultural purpose* 



! to iu numerous riven and the regulnrity of their course. Nearly all 

 the river*, even those which run only 50 mile*, are navigable for small 

 craft iu the greatest part of their course. The most remarkable of 

 these riven from went to east are the Rio (Irantle, noticed under 

 MISXICO, between which country and Texas it forms the boundary; 

 the Hio Pfutca, which flows about 250 miles with a general south- 

 eastern course ; the Kan A ntonio ; the Rio Guadalupc, which fall* into 

 a lagune forming the harbour of !'- pii it u Santo ; the Colorado, or 

 i rr of Ttiai, which traverses in it* upper course the mountain 

 tract of San Saba, flows upwards of 400 miles, and fulls into the laguno 

 constituting the harbour of Matagorda ; the Hio Bratoi, or Bratoi tie 

 Ittot, whose origin is near to that of the lied River, and which, flowing 

 chiefly in a south-south-easterly direction, intersects nearly the centre 

 of Texas and the most fertile districts, and enters the sea after a 

 course of mon than 400 miles; and the Itio Tflniilml, which, after 

 a course of more tlmn 300 miles in a south-south-easterly >lii 

 through a very fertile tract, fulls into Qalveston Bay. HeJ Kiver anil 

 Sabine River, which separate Texas from the Indian territory and 

 Louisiana, are noticed under LOUISIANA. The >Saiine has a length of 

 350 miles, and is navigable for 150 mile*, and much higher, by keel boat*. 

 Before reaching the gulf it expands into a lake 30 miles long and 8 miles 

 wide. The bar at its mouth has 4 feet of water over it at low tide. 



Then are several good harbours along the coast The low coast 

 is skirted by a number of long flat islands, separated from the main 

 by narrow straits ; but these are much deeper than those f. 

 south, and afford in several places good anchorage for vessels of 

 moderate burden. The bars at the mouths of the rivers have tolerably 

 deep water on them, and then is no part of the extensive Gulf of 

 Mexico which has more or better harbours, bays, nnd inlets than 

 those of Texas. There ore no lakes of any importance in the .state ; 

 and no canals have yet been constructed. 



A southern Pacific railway is to cross Texas from east to west, and 

 several other railways are projected, but none have as yet been carried 

 into execution. The ordinary roads are many of them well laid out, 

 and in good condition. 



Geology, Mineraloyy, * The geological features of Texas hnve 

 been but cursorily examined. The mountainous country confute 

 chiefly of igneous and metamorphic rocka. In the eastern portion 

 of this district a considerable belt of Lower Salurian strata has been 

 observed. North of this, along the Saba River, carboniferous strata 

 occur. Much of the centre and north of the state appears to belong 

 to the cretaceous system of rocks ; while the whole of the level region, 

 and the low districts bordering the Qulf of Mexico, consist of tertinry 

 and recent deposits. 



In minerals the state is believed to be very rich. Qold has been 

 found along several of the smaller streams of the western portion of 

 the mountain district Silver also occurs in the hill country, and thi- 

 silver-mine of Saba is said to have been one of the richest in America 

 during the Spanish occupation. Iron ore appears to be very widely 

 diffused. Lead and copper have also been found in several places. 

 Coal occurs on the Trinidad and Brazos rivers. Alum is obtained iu 

 two or three places. Salt occurs very extensively in salt springs and 

 lagunes ; large quantities are annually taken from a salt lake near the 

 Rio Grande. Potash and soda aru also obtained in dry seasons near 

 the salt lagunes. Aephaltuin is obtained on the coast From the 

 limestone of the prairie country abundance of lime is obtained. Red 

 and white sandstone, or freestone, may be quarried through a Lav 

 portion of the state. A soft white stone, which becomes quite hard 

 on exposure to the atmosphere, and is very useful for building pur- 

 poses, ia found in several places along the eastern side of the hill 

 country. Agate, chalcedony, and jasper, are found. Saline, white ami 

 blue sulphur, and other mineral springe, said to possess considerable 

 curative properties, are very numerous. 



Climate, Productions, <tc. The temperature varies according to the 

 locality, from tropical to temperate ; yet, except along parts of th<> 

 coast and the rivers where subject to inundations, the climate is said 

 to be generally pleasant and salubrious iu some places eminently so. 

 The summer heat ia modified by refreshing breezes, which blow 

 almost uninterruptedly from the south. In winter, ice is seldom seen, 

 except in the northern part of the state. Texas has periodical winds : 

 from March to November they are from the south, and littlo rain 

 falls ; the rest of the year northerly winds prevail, and in December 

 and January they ore strong nnd keen. 



The characteristics of the soil and productions have been noticed 

 in speaking of the surface of the country. Cotton has DOW become 

 tho staple of Texas : it generally grows well and of good quality ; 

 that grown along the coast is said to bo little inferior to the celebrated 

 Georgian Sea Island cotton. Tobacco also thrives well, and is becom- 

 ing an important product of the state. The sugar-cane flourishes, but, 

 t as already noticed, engages very little attention from the Texan 

 farmer. All tho cereals produce abundant crops. Maize is the chief 

 grain staple : two crops of it are frequently obtained annually. ' 

 and oats are the next iu importance among the cereals, and both arc 

 grown extensively. Buckwheat, rye, and millet are also grown. Rice 

 U somewhat largely cultivated, and its culture could be very greatly 

 extended. Both common and sweet potatoes are largely raised. 

 Indigo, vanilla, aud the chili, or cayenne pepper, arc indigenous almost 

 throughout the state. 



