THBSSALT. 



THIAN SHAN NANLU. 



831 



On, attain of Theetaly, for Pharnlut toon recovered iU 

 ir*. and roM lo mch eminence u to become a rind ol 

 , PolTdani**, who** character ami virtue had gained the eon- 

 of all r*rti.-, waa intrusted with the citadel and the admiois- 



traUan of tb* revenues of the city, a tnut which he diacbarged with 

 UM etrtctpMi integrity. 



At rtMnr. the supreme power paved into the haiidi of Jaton, who 

 kept a Undi up arm; of 0000 mercenaries, all picked men, and. not- 



vithstandinjr the opposition of Pbanalua, compelled moat of the 



principal Thceaalian dtiea to enter into alliance with him. The 

 object* of Jano'a ambitioo were, the supremacy of Greece, ami Hi" 

 oTrrtbrow of the Fenian empire in the East ; tlic mme scheme", in 

 fact, aa were snbeequrntlv executed by Alexander, king of Macedon. 

 Tb* flnt object* which he bad to gain were the title of Tagns, and 

 Mon of Thrsmly under hit authority. After a frank statement 

 of hit views, Jaaon prerailed upon Polydanias to second them. A 

 compact WM then made between them : and Polydatnas exerted his 

 influence ao aaaonafally in Ja>on'< behalf, that the Pharcnlians 

 eaesied into an alliance with him, and a general pacification followed. 

 Not long afterward* Ja*on wan elected Tagus, and by bis influence 

 and talent* several important cities were induced to join the confede- 

 racy. He then fixed the contingents of infantry and cavalry to be 

 furnished by the different states, and raised them to a prtater amount 

 than they had ever been before. The army which he could bring .'uto 

 UM 6eld confuted of SOOO cavalry and more than 20,000 heavy-armed 

 infantry; and his light troops, as Xenophon (' Hellen.,' vi. 1, 6) 

 ulna i in. were enough to oppose the world. He built and manned 

 a considerable fleet. But them schemes were too vast for the ordi- 

 nary duration of a human life, though he kept them constantly 

 in view, and made all his actions subservient to them. After the 

 luttl" of I.< nctra, in which the Thcbians defeated the Lacedicmonians, 

 they invited him to join them in overpowering Lacodiomon. Jason 

 joined them with hu forces, but he did not comply with their 

 rrqtient. His policy was to keep an even balance between the two 

 slate*, TO as to ensure the dependence of both on himself, nnd there- 

 fore, instead of annihilating the power of Sparta, he offered his 

 Krvices ax a mediator between the contending states, and obtained a 

 truce for the Lacedemonians, under favour of which the remnant of 

 their forces decamped by night (B.C. 371). In the following year, 

 whilit making preparations for an expedition to the south of Greece, 

 he wan assassinated by reven young men ; and the honours which 

 were paid in many of the Grecian cities to the assassins, showed the 

 alarm which bis ambition had excited. On the death of Jason, 

 Tlii Mkly relnpaed into its former insignificance, though his dynasty 

 survived him, and two of his brothers, Polydorus and Polyphron, for 

 a abort time shared hi* authority between them. Polydorus was soon 

 aainat'd, and Polyphron became sole Tagus. By his adminis- 

 tration the office was changed into a tyranny, and ho put to death 

 Polydamas and eight other principal citizens of Pharsalus. After a 

 reign of one year he was murdered by his nephew Alexander, who 

 thus gained the government, in which he became infamous for his 

 cruelly. The atrocities which he committed filled all his subjects 

 with terror, but especially the ancient families, who were likely to be 

 the objects of bis jealousy. The Aleuado: of Larissa accordingly 

 applied to Alcxand.-r, the then king of Macedon, who, on being thus 

 invited by the Thessaliuns, complied with their request He defeated 

 the tyrant, and took possession of LarUsa and iU citadel, and after- 

 wards of Crannon, and garrisoned both with his troops. The affair* 

 of his own kingdom however obliged him to withdraw from Thessaly ; 

 and the Thessalian*. being thus exposed to the vengeance of Alexander, 

 solicited aid (ac. 388) from the Tliebans, who accordingly sent Pelo- 

 piilas to assist them. The tyrant granted him an interview, which 

 ended in Pelopidas settling the affairs of the country on an apparently 

 6rm footing. But the order which he had established was soon 

 deranped by the conduct of Alexander; and the Thebans, on being 

 1 to again, sent ont Pelopidas, with his friend Ismenias, but 

 imply in the character of ambassadors, and without troops. They 

 imprudently put themselves into the power of the tyrant, who threw 



bem Into prison. To rescue them and avenge the insult, Thebes sent 



out an army, which however was reduced to such a strait by his 



r that it was obliged to retreat; and but for the interference of 



Kj*mtnondas, who accompanied it, though not as general, it would 



have been destroyed. 



In the following year (ac. 367), an army was again sent out under 



las, through fear of whom the prisoners were released. 



"I *"*!?* Alexander renewed hi* attacks on the liberty of the 



aliao cifcei, and greatly extended bis dominion in the tributary 



IMncts. The Tl.cuJUnx again appealed to the Thebans, and 



*? T fl* out * ** d thcm < B - C - 36< >. w h Ml >n l'i first 

 in which however Alexander wa defeated. The campaign 

 in the tyrant Iwiog obliged to resign his conquest*, withdraw 

 ,. >l ? fr0m 1>btbioli * *! Magnesia, and enter into an alliance 

 .t la.t. his wife Thebe conspired with her three half- 

 others to nrardr Alexander (ac. 869). They effected their purpose ; 

 and one of them, Tuiphonus, assumed tho government At the end 

 ac. 558, Lycophron. another of the brothers, waa at the head of 

 Tb* new dynastv. however, seem* to have been as unpopular 

 with the Tbenalian* u the old one, and accordingly, with the Aleuadro 



at their head, they applied to Philip, king of Macedon, and requested 

 bis assistance. Philip invaded Thessaly, and, after gaining some 

 success, was obliged to retire ; but be shortly afterwards returned at 

 the head of a large army, and made himself muster of the whole 

 country, Lycophron withdrawing into Phoois. Philip restored popular 

 government at Pheno (Diodorus, xvi. 38), but kept possession of 

 its port, Pagafto. and garrisoned Magnesia with his own troops. 

 About B.C. 344, either the tyrants of Phenc or their party there had 

 regained their ascendancy, and Philip was again invited to dislodge 

 them. This he effected with ease, and then availed himself of the 

 opportunity to make Thessaly entirely subservient to his interests. 

 After expelling the dynasty of the tyrants, he garrisoned the citadel of 

 Pherso with his own troops revived the tetradarchies as political 

 divisions of the country and lit the head of the four governments he 

 placed his devoted adherents, the chiefs of the Aleuad party, so that 

 they were in reality his viceroys or deputies. He also received the 

 harbour duties and customs of the country, and appropriated tip him- 

 self the tribute which had always been paid to Larissa by her subject 

 Perrhicbian cantons. (Strabo, ix. p. 440.) On Philip's death, the 

 states of Thessaly passed a decree confirming to his son Alexamli T 

 the supreme station which Philip had held in their councils. The 

 Thessaliuns took a very prominent part against Macedonia iu the 

 Lamian war, which followed soon after Alexander's death (B.C. 323), 

 and which nearly proved fatal to the Macedonian influence, not only 

 in Tbeesaly, but over the whole continent of Greece. By the skilful 

 generalship of Antipater, Leonnatus, and Craterus, however, Thessaly 

 was preserved to the Macedonian crown till the reign of Philip, POII 

 of Demetrius, from whom it was taken by the liomans after the battle 

 of CynoBcephnlic (B.C. 197). All Thessaly was then declared free 

 (Liv., xxxiii. 32) by a decree of the Roman senate and people ; but 

 from that time it may be considered as under the dominion of Koine, 

 though its possession, was disputed by Antiochus (Liv., xxxvL 9), and 

 again by Perseus, son of Philip, between whom, and the Humans it 

 was the arena of more than one conflict. It was already a, Roman 

 province when the fate of the empire of tho world was decided by 

 the battle between Pompey and C'tesar on the plains of Pharoalus. 



The slave-merchants of Greece were generally Thessalians. (Aris- 

 tophanes, 'Plutus,' 517.) Their chief slave-market was Pagastu, the 

 port of Phertc. 



THETFORD, Norfolk, a market-town, municipal and parliamentary 

 borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, iu the parish of Thetfonl, 

 is situated chiefly oil the left bank of the Little Ouse, in 52 24' N. hit.., 

 44' E. long., distant 30 miles SAV. from Norwich, 80 miles N.N.E. 

 from London by road, and 95 miles by the Eastern Counties and 

 Norfolk railways. The population of the borough in 1851 was 4075. 

 The borough is governed by 4 aldermen and 12 councillors, of whom 

 one is mayor; and returns two members to the Imperial Parliament 

 The living is a perpetual curacy in the archdeaconry and diocese of 

 Norwich. Thetford Poor-Law Union contains 34 parishes and town- 

 ships, with an area of 117,S70 acres, and a population in 1851 of 

 19,040. 



The town of Thetford is very ancient. Under the East Angles it 

 was a place of importance : a synod was held here iu 669. When the 

 Danes invaded England in the reign of Ethelred I., they fixed their 

 head-quarters, in 870, at Thetford, which they sacked. In the reign 

 of Ethelred II. the town was burnt by the Danes, in 1004, under 

 Sweyne. They burned the town again in 1010. The bishopric of the 

 East Augles was transferred in 1075 from North Elmham to Tli. t- 

 ford, and was again removed in 1094 to Norwich. About the same 

 time a Cluniac priory was founded here. There were several other 

 religious houses at Thetford. The town was the seat of oue of the 

 suffragan bishoprics established by Henry VIII. There have been as 

 many as twenty churches in the town ; thirteen are mentioned iu the 

 Domesday Book. Thetford now comprehends three parishes; the 

 parishes of St. Cuthbert and St Mary are very much intermingled, 

 and are partly in Suffolk and partly iu Norfolk ; the whole of tho 

 other parish (St. Peter) is in Norfolk. 



The town has no manufactures, but a good deal of malting is 

 carried on, and the trade of the place is favoured by the river being 

 navigable up to the town. St. Peter's church consists of a nave with 

 two aisles, chancel, aud tower ; the last rebuilt iu 1789. The ancient 

 part is built chiefly of flint, whence it has obtained the name of 'the 

 black church.' St Mary's is on the Suffolk side of the river, and is 

 meanly built There are places of worship for Wesleyan Methodists, 

 Independents, Quakers, aud Roman Catholics, a Free Grammar school, 

 founded in 1610, and National and Infant schools. Considerable 

 remains of the Cluniac priory, and of other religious structures, etill 

 exist. 



THEUX. [LifeGE.] 



THEZENAY. [SfcviiEs, DEUX.] 



THIAN SHAN MOUNTAINS. [Soxc.-.uiA.] 



THIAN SHAN NANLU is the name of a Chinese government, 

 situated nearly in the centre of Asia. European geographers generally 

 call it Eastern or Chinese Turkistan, and also Little Bucharia. The 

 Mime of Turkistan is applied to it because the bulk of the inhabitants 

 u that part of Asia is composed of Turkish tribes ; and as these 

 Bribes are frequently designated by the collective name of Bucharians, 

 'rom the town of Bokhara, Eastern Turkistan is also called Littl.j 



