637 



THIBET. 



THORNE Y. 



638 



bazaars, one in the city and the other in the suburbs, which are more 

 than three miles long. Most of the shopkeepers are Chinese. The 

 country surrounding the town supplies it with three important articles 

 of commerce, silk, fine wool, and small Kir>_'hia horses. The com- 

 merce with the countries north of Hindustan and with Tibet is very 

 considerable. There are several kinds of manufactures. The number 

 of inhabitants who pay capitation-tax is stated to be between 30,000 

 and 40,000, which would 'give a population of between 180,000 and 

 240.000. Many foreigners are settled in this place. 



Khotan appears to have been formerly the name of the town which 

 at present is called Ilitsi or Eelchi, whilst the name of Khotan is 

 applied to the country which extends along the northern base of the 

 Thsungling. This country contains 700,000 persons who pay capita- 

 tion-tax, which would give a population of 8,500.000. This is by far 

 the mo-t populous and important part of Thian Shan Naiilu. A 

 large number of the inhabitants are Buddhists. The town of Kilti is 

 large and populous, and is of commercial importance. The eastern 

 road panel from Ilitsi to Keriya, and Tibet The western road joins 

 the great caravan-road which leads from Yarkiang to Leli and Cahmir. 

 The principal articles which the country supplies for exportation are 

 the yew-stone and silk, the last of which is produced in large 

 quantities. Silk- and cotton-stuffs are made to a great extent, and 

 there are glass-houses. Every week a fair is held, which is sometimes 

 attended by 20,000 persons. Horse* are exported in great numbers 

 Near the town of Keriya, through which the road passes to Tibet, 

 are gold-mules. The articles which are sent from Yarkiang to Cashmir 

 are silver, goat* 1 and sheep's woo!, Russia leather, embroideries of 

 gold and silver, rice, and some articles of Chinese manufacture; 

 there are taken in return shawls of different qualities, cotton-ttuffj, 

 sheep- and goat-skins, and some minor articles. A caravan goes 

 annually from Yarkiang to Radakshan, which carries a large quantity 

 of tea and come silver, and brings back slaves and precious stones, 

 especially rabies. The articles exported to Khokand are silver, china- 

 ware, ten in boxes, and pressed tea. The import* from Khokand are 

 raw silk and different kinds of cotton-stuffs. The commerce of 

 Yarkiang with the northern province* of China is very active. The 

 articles sent to China are raw silk, great numbers of horse* and 

 cattle, the yew and other precious stones, and some dyeing stuffs ; in 

 return there are tent to Yarkiang tea, china-ware, and several 

 manufactured article--. 



Uatirry. Before and at the beginning of our era thi* part of 

 Central Asia formed a portion of the powerful empire of th Hiongnu, 

 a Tr.rkUh race, which for more than two centuries made war on 

 China, and sometimes laid waste the northern province? ; but in the 

 fint century after Christ wai overthrown by the dynasty of the Han 

 emperor*. The Chinese soon afterward* extended their conquest* to 

 the Caspian Sea. But in the 5th century after Christ the Chinese 

 wen di*poace**ed of thi* country by the Tiing-hiang, a Tibetan race; 

 and this and other race* of the same origin continued to govern 

 Thian Shan Nanln up to the time of Oengi* Khun. From the 10th 

 to the 13th century it formed a part of the empire of Tangut 

 [TAKOVT], the overthrow of which, in 1J27, was the last of the 

 numerous exploit* of the Mongol conqueror. A* the Mongols soon 

 afterwards got possession of China, Thian Shan was again united to 

 that country, and remained so a* long a* the descendant* of Oengi* Khan 

 were masters of China. But when the Yuan dynasty was overthrown, 

 in the 14th century (1360), by the Ming dynasty, and the Mongol 

 empire was split into several states, Thian Shan became independent, 

 and several small sovereignties arose under chiefs- of Turkish origin. 

 Tamerlane, towards the end of the 14th century, brought it under 

 hi* dominion. After his death the Turkish chiefa gradually resumed 

 their independent station, and preserved it to the middle of the 16th 

 century, when the Qaldan or emperor of the Olrith Kalmucks made 

 Thian Shan Nanlu tributary. When the Qaldan had been defeated 

 by the Chinese (I697>, the country was subjected to the Songares, 

 who kept it till 1756, when they were conquered by the Chines*. 

 The most powerful of the Turkish princes, the Kodjas of Yarkiang 

 and Kaahgar, now nude an effort to gain their independence, and 

 refused to submit to the authority of the Mantchoo emperor. But 

 the emperor sent two armies from Hi over the Thian Shan Nanlu 

 Mountains, which subjected the whole of the country, and in 1759 

 the Kodjas were obliged to retire to Badakshan. In 1826 the descend 

 ants of the Kodjas obtained from the Khan of Khokand the support 

 of a small army, entered Thian Shan by the Terek Pass, and suc- 

 ceeded in taking Kashgar, Aku, Yarkiang, and Khotan ; but a Chinese 

 army of 60,000 men being sent against them, they were defeated in 

 three battles, and again retired to Badakshan. 



(liu HaUle; Klaproth; Hitter; Journal of Ih- Ariatic Society of 

 Bengal, vol. iv. ; Wood, Journey to the Sourct of tin OMU.) 

 THIBET. [Trsrr.J 



THI EL. [OUZLDBRLAKD.] 



THIELT. {FujrDMw, Wtit.] 



THIEI!-!. [PCT-DK-DdME.] 



THINQOK, a hundred in the western part of the county of Suffolk 

 which give* name to a Poor-Law Union. The hundred of Thingoe 

 consist* of 22 parishes and hamlet*, with an area of 31,114 acres, 

 and a population in 1861 of 7064. Thingoe Poor-Law X r nion, whic! 

 include* portion* of the neighbouring hundreds of Risbridge, Black 



journ, and Thedwestry, contains 46 parishes and townships, with an 

 area of 82,464 acres, and a population in 1851 of 19,014. 

 THIONVILLE. [MOSELLE.] 



THIRSK, North-Riding of Yorkshire, a market-town, parliamentary 

 )orough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the parish of Thirsk, 

 a pleasantly situated on both sides of the Codbeck stream, a feeder 

 f the Swale, in 54" 14' N. lat., 1 20' W. long., distant 23 miles 

 tf.N.W. from York, 217 miles N. by W. from London by road, and 

 213 miles by the Great Northern and York Newcastle and Berwick 

 railways. The population of the town of Thirsk in 1851 was 5319. 

 The borough returns one member to the Imperial Parliament. The 

 iving is a perpetual curacy in the archdeaconry of Cleveland aud 

 diocese of York. Thirsk Poor-Law Union contains 41 parishes and 

 .ownships, with an area of 62,444 acres, ami a population in 1851 of 

 2,760. At the south-western extremity of the town is the site of 

 he ancient castle. Over the Codbeck there are two substantial stono 

 M-idges. In the new town, which is built on the west side of th<! 

 itream, is an extensive market-place. The church is a large and 

 lan Isome gothic structure, said to have been formed out of tho 

 ruins of the ancient castle. There are places of worship for Inde- 

 lendeut?, Wesleyan Methodists, and Quakers; a British school, a 

 Jharity school for girls, an Infant school, and a savings bank. At the 

 market, held on Monday, great quantities of provisions are disposed 

 of. Fairs are held seven times a year. A couuty court is held. 

 THIS. [ABTD03.1 



THISTED. [AALBORO.] 



THIVIERS. mORDOONK.] 



THOISSEY. [Ai>-.] 



THOMAIt. [ESTREMADURA, Portuguese.] 



THoMAS, ST., or ST. THOMAS THE APOSTLE, Devonshire, a 

 suburb of EXKTKK, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated ou 

 the right bank of the river Ex, opposite to Kxeter, with which it is 

 connected by a handsome stone bridge. The living is a vicarnge iu 

 the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter. The population of the 

 [>arish in 1851 WM 4577. St. Thomas Poor-Law Union contains 49 

 liaruhe* and townships, with an area of 129,927 acres, and a popula- 

 tion in 1851 of 48,787. 



THOMAS. ST. [Vm IN ISLANDS.] 



THOMASTOWN, county of Kilkenny, Ireland, a market-town and 

 the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated on the river Nore, in 62 32' 

 N. lat, 7 8' W. long., distant 11 miles 8.S.E. from Kilkenny, 92 miles 

 8.\V. by S. from Dublin by the Waterford and Kilkenny railway, nnd 

 75} mile* from Dublin byroad. The population in 1851 was 1SK1. 

 Tliomastown Poor-Law Union comprises 27 electoral division*, with 

 an area of 107,577 acres, and a population in 1841 of 37,187 ; in 1851 

 of 27,298. The town consists chiefly of three rather wide and well- 

 paved street*, in which are some g >od houses. The parish church was 

 the chancel of an ancient Dominican abbey. There are a large and 

 handsome Roman Catholic chapel, two National schools, a court-house 

 and bridewell, a dispensary, and a Union workhouse. Barges of 30 tons 

 burden amend the Nore to the town, from which considerable quan- 

 tities of flour, corn, and provisions are exported. Three large flour- 

 mill*, two breweries, and a tannery give some employment Quarter 

 and petty sessions are held. Fairs are held March 17th, May 25th, 

 June 29th, and September 15th. 



THOKN. [MA.RIKNWERDEH.] 



THOKNBURY, Gloucestershire, a market-town and the seat of n 

 Poor-Law Union, in the parish of Thornbury, is situated in 51" 86' 

 N. lat., 2' 30' W. long., distant 23 miles S.W. by S. from Gloucester, 

 and 124 miles W. by N. from London. The population of the borough 

 of Thornbury in 1851 was 1470. The living is a vicarage in the arch- 

 deaconry of Gloucester aud diocese of Gloucester and Bristol Thorn- 

 bury Poor-Law Union contains 21 parishes and townships, with an 

 area of 62,520 acres, and a population in 1851 of 16,341. The parish 

 church Is a large handsome structure, having a lofty tower, which is 

 ornamented with rich open-worked battlements and eight pinnacles. 

 The Independents, Baptist*, and Wesleyan Methodists have places of 

 worship. There are National schools and a savings bank. Saturday 

 i* the market-day ; fain are held three times a year. A county court 

 i - held in the town. 



THORNE, West Riding of Yorkshire, a market-town and the seat 

 of n Poor-Law Union, in the parish of Thome, is situated on the 

 right bank of the river Don, in 63" 87' N. lat, 0* 58' W. long., dis- 

 tant 28 mile* S. by E. from York, and 166 miles N. by W. from 

 London. The population of the town was 2820 in 1851. The living 

 is a perpetual curacy in the archdeaconry and diocese of York. 

 Thorne Poor-Law Union contains 13 parishes and townships, with an 

 area of 71,940 acres, and a population in 1851 of 15,886. The town 

 is situated in the district called the ISLI or AxuoLME. Thorne con- 

 tains an ancient parish church ; chapels for Wesleyau and New Con- 

 nexion Methodists, Independents, Quakers, and Unitarians ; Brook's 

 Charity gchool; Travis'g Charity school; a school supported by 

 Wesleyan Methodists; and a mechanics institute. On the bank of 

 the Don are ship-, rope-, and timber-yards, and wharfs for merchandise. 

 Steam-vessels ply daily between Thome and Hull, except at neap-tides, 

 when they stop at Newbridge, on the Dutch river, 4 miles below 

 Thorne. Wednesday in the market-day ; fairs are held twice a year. 



THORNEY, Cambridgeshire, n town, formerly a market-town, in 



