841 



THUACIAN SEA. 



TIBET. 



Ml 



Euxine along the Asiatic coast as far aa Heracleia : the country within 

 these limits was inhabited by Th races Bitkyui. 



THRACIAN SEA. [^EO'BAS SEA.] 



THRAPSTOX, Northamptonshire, a market-town and the seat of 

 Poor-Law Union, in the parish of Thrapston, is pleasantly situated 

 on the rifht bank of the river Nene, in 52 24' N. lat, 32' W. long., 

 distant 21 miles N.E. from Northampton, 73 miles N.N.W. from 

 London br road, and 89 miles by the North- Western and Northampton 

 and Peterborough railways. The population of the parish of Thrapston 

 in 1S51 was 1183. The living is a rectory in the archdeaconry of 

 Northampton and diocese of Peterborough. Thrapston Poor-Law 

 Union contains 26 parishes and townships, with an area of 51,188 

 acres, and a population in 1851 of 12,841. The church is of early 

 English, decorated, and perpendicular characters. The Wesleyan 

 Methodists and Baptists have places of worship, and there are National 

 schools. A county court is held. Corn-mills and a paper-mill are on 

 the river, and sand-pits and stone-quarries in the neighbourhood. The 

 market is on Tuesday, for corn and live-stock ; there are two yearly 

 fairs for live-stock, pedlery, and shoes, and for hiring servants. The 

 Nene is here crossed by a handsome stone bridge. 



THKEE RIVERS. [CAMADA.] 



THUIN. (HAIMAULT.] 



THUN, TOWN and LAKE. [Bum.] 



THUROAU (Thurgotie), a canton of Switzerland, bounded N. 

 partly by the Lake of Conatanz, and partly by the Rhine, which 

 divides it from the canton of Schaffhausen ; E. and S. by the canton 

 of St Gallen, and W. by that of Zurich. The river Thur, which 

 comes from the canton of St Gallen and is joined by the Sitter from 

 Appenzell, bos given its name to the canton ' Thurgau,' or ' district of 

 the Thur,' the river crossing the middle part of it from east to west 

 The valley of the Thur is separated from the basin of the Lake of 

 Constant by a succession of hills which rise in terraces on both sides, 

 aud are intersected by several valleys. On the south and west sides 

 other bills divide the Thurgau from the valley of the Toss in tlie 

 canton of Zurich. The whole country belongs to the plateau or table- 

 land of Switzerland, and is a considerable distance from the Alpine 

 region. The climate of Thurgau is comparatively mild ; a great part 

 of the country is planted with fruit-tree*, especially apple, pear, and 

 cherry: the vine also thrives in several localities. The produce of 

 earn is not sufficient for the consumption. Horned cattle are nume- 

 rous. The riven and the lake abound with fish. The area of the 

 canton is 268 square miles; the population in 1851 was 88,908, of 

 whom about 67,000 are Protestants, and the rest Catholics. German 

 is the language of the country. The principal manufactures consist 

 of cotton goods, linen, cotton yarn, and silks. The other exports 

 consist at wine, cattle, oats, dried fruit, and cider. The princi|*l 

 imports are iron snd metal ware, woollen goods, cotton-yarn, salt, 

 colonial articles, and wheat 



Thurgau is divided into eight districts Frauenfeld, Arbon. Bischof- 

 sell, Tobel, Weinfeldro, Oottlieben, Steckborn, and Dies*enhofen. The 

 principal towns are /Vawn/eM, which is the head town of the canton, 

 situated in a fertile valley near the confluence of the Murg with the 

 Thur. The inhabitant* amount to 3544. The old castle, formerly 

 the residence of the Swiss vogteu or governors of Thnrgau ; the town- 

 house, where the Helvetic diet used to assemble in the time of the old 

 confederation ; the arsenal ; snd the Protestant and Roman Catholic 

 churches, an the chief buildings. .Sfeciiont, a small town on the 

 Zellersee, or smaller basin of the Lake of Constanz, has several manu- 

 factories, aad about 2000 inhabitants. In the neighbourhood of 

 Bteskbom is the residence of Areuaberg, which was purchased by 

 Queen Hortense, and in which she died in 1840. Thurgau returns 41 

 members to the Swiss national council 



THUUING1A (Tk,iriyen\ is the ancient name of an extensive tract 

 of country in the central part of Germany, situated between the Harz 

 Mountains, the rivers Saale and Werra, and the Thuringerwald. It 

 was in ancient times inhabited either by the Catti or the Cherusci. 

 Vegetius mentions the Thuringi about the year 404. Thuringia long 

 gave the title of margrave to the elector of Saxony. It is now divided 

 among Prussia, Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Coburg, and Schwanburg. The 

 name is still preserved in Thuringerwald, a continuation of the 

 Fichtolgebirge, from which it branches out near the Muncbberg and 

 Gefreea, in the kingdom of Bavaria, and runs north-west to its termi- 

 nation near Eisenach. The length of this range is 70 miles, and its 

 breadth varies from 9 to 18 miles. The two highest points in it are 

 the Schneekopf, 2700 feet, and the Inselsberg, 2604 feet above the 

 level of the sea. The highest points consist of granite, clay-slate, and 

 porphyry : the whole chain is clothed to the very summit with pine- 

 forests, mixed in a few places with oak and other timber. Numerous 

 riven rise in this chain, which flow on one side into the Elbe, and on 

 the other into the Weser. 



THURLES, county of Tipperary, Ireland, n markeHown and the 

 seat of a^ Poor-Law Union, is situated on the river Suir, in 52 42' 

 N. !., 7 47' W. long., distant 20 miles N. from Clonmel, 90 miles 

 8. W. from Dublin by road, and 86 J miles by the Great Southern and 

 Western railway. The population was 6921 in 1851. Thurlts Poor- 

 Law Union comprises 22 electoral divisions, with an area of 143,350 

 acres, and a population in 1841 of 62,639; in 1851 it was 48,539. 

 The town of Thurles consists of several streets on both sides of 



the river, which are intersected by the main street which crosses the 

 river from east to west. In the town are a neat parish churoh. 

 erected in 1812; a large Roman Catholic chapel, the cathedral of 

 Cashel, which cost lO.OOOi, and ranks among the finest ecclesiastical 

 buildings in Ireland ; a convent of Urauline and one of Presentation 

 nuns ; a monastery of religious brothers ; and a chapel for Baptists. 

 St Patrick's Roman Catholic College is a seminary fur ecclesiastical 

 and general education, with a president and seven professors. There 

 are a new court-house, a market-house, bridewell, infantry barracks, 

 dispensary, and Union workhouse. The town has a savings bank. It 

 has an extensive retail trade, and there are considerable sales of grain 

 at the two weekly markets. Quarter aud petty sessions are held. 

 Fairs are held on Easter Monday, August 21st, December 21st, and on 

 the first Tuesday of every month. The market-days are Tuesday and 

 Saturday. Thurles is a placa of considerable antiquity, and was in 

 the 10th century the scene of a severe battlo between the native Irish 

 and the Danes. A Carmelite monastery was founded here about the 

 year 1300. 



THURSO. [CAITHNESS.] 



THYATEIRA. [LTDIA.] 



TIBER. (PAPAL STATES.] 



TIBERIAS. [PALESTIHE.] 



TI'BET is the most southern of the three great table-lands of 

 Middle Asia. The Bolor Mountains, a branch of the Hindu Kush, 

 which stretches towards the north-west, in 72" 30' E. Ions., form the 

 western boundary. The length of this frontier is about 87 miles. It 

 is bounded on the south-west by the Hindu Kush, from Mount Tutukan 

 Mutlami and the north-western part of the Himalaya as far as the 

 western frontier of Nepuul, a distance of about 480 miles. The 

 southern boundaries are formed by the range of the Himalaya from 

 the western frontier of Nepaul to the eastern frontier of Bootan, a 

 distance of about 740 miles, and by the northern boundaries of 

 Asam, Burma, and part of the Chinese province of Yunnan. This 

 latter part runs in a south-eastern direction, and most probably as far 

 as the junction of the Yu-loang-ho, or Li-tchou, with the Kincha- 

 kiang, or Yang-txe-kiang, in Yunnan, between 102 and 103 E. long. 

 The length of this part of the frontier in a straight line between the 

 two extremities is about 320 miles. The whole length of the southern 

 frontier, according to a rough estimate, U 1540 miles, but as this 

 frontier forms a curve, its real length is mucli more. The eastern 

 frontier of Tibet is formed by the western boundaries of the Chinese 

 province of Sutchuang (Setohueu), Sheu-si, and Kansu. Kroni tlio 

 junction of the Yu-leang-ho with the Kincha-kiang it stretches north- 

 ward, and probably along the river Ya-long-kiang an far as 30" N. lat. 

 It then takes a north-eastern direction, and stretches as far as Kiai, 

 along a range of wild and snowy mountains, which, on some maps, 

 are called the Yuri-ling Mountains. At Kiai it takes a north-west 

 direction, crosses the Hoaog-bo, or Yellow River, runs to the east aa 

 far aa Hongchin, and then takes a north-west direction as far as a 

 point situated in the mountains of Amegangar, in 38 25' N. lat, 

 100" E. long. That part of Tibet however which lies south of 2D 

 N. lat, and east of the Kincha-kiang, or the mountains of Batang, 

 was ceded to China in 1727, and is now under the immediate 

 'sovereignty of the emperor of China. The whole extent of the 

 eastern frontiers of Tibet is at least 900 miles. The northern fron- 

 tiers begin in the Bolor Mountains, whence they are said to t-trutuh 

 east-south-east along the mountains of Kdrdkorum as far as a point 

 situated in the mountains of Kuenlun (Oneuta, or Kulkoun) in 35 

 N. lat, 5 E. long., across the deserts of Khor and of Katchi, or 

 Kstohe, Thence they run north-east and east, until they reach the 

 eastern frontier at that point which we have mentioned above as 

 situated in 38 25' N. lat, 100 E. long. The whole length of the 

 northern frontier, including the larger bends, amounts to about 1300 

 miles. It is however doubted whether the extensive country of Kbu- 

 khu-nor, in north-eastern Tibet, belongs to Tibet in the political sense 

 of the word ; and if so, the northern frontier of Eastern Tibet will 

 not extend beyond 36 N. lat But geographically speaking, Kliu- 

 khu nor belongs to Tibet Thus Tibet is bounded W. by Independent 

 Turkislan ; S.W. and S. by Hindustan, Nepaul, Bootan, and Aam ; 

 S.E. by Asam and China; E. by China; and N. by the desert of 

 Gobi and Chinese Turkistan. 



Mi,unlaini. Tibet is a table-land, the highest plains of which are 

 more than 10,000 feet above the level of the sen. This table-land is 

 divided into three great and distinct ports. The first, which is long, 

 and not very wide, begins in the east, near Mount Kailasa, in the 

 Himalaya, and stretches to the north-west, between parts of the 

 Himalaya and of the Hindu Kush in the south-west, anil the range 

 of the mountains of Karakorum in the north-east. It is traversed in 

 its whole length by the upper part of the Indus. Its lower or north- 

 western part, Balti, or Baltistan, is also called the First Tibet, or 

 Little Tibet, and is an independent state. Its upper, or south-eastern 

 part, has the name of Ladakh, and is also called the Second Tibet, or 

 Great Tibet, because it is larger than Baltistan. Sometimes the name 

 of Little Tibet is given to the whole valley of the Indus. Ladakh is 

 also an independent state, but the most eastern part of it, as far as 

 Teshigang on the Indus, belongs to China. The second great division 

 of Tibet begins in the south, near Mount Kailasa, and is an immense 

 elevated desert, the western part of which is called Khor, and the 



