8(6 



TIBET. 



TICINO. 



810 



duces m kind of gray barley, grapes, assafcctida, rhubarb, madder, 

 safflower, apples, nuts, apricots, peaches, pomegranates, and tigs in the 

 valleys. The cedar grows in Tibet. Among the aniuiaU, there are 

 wild oxen with long hair, buffaloes, yaks, goats with a very fine fleece, 

 goats with long fine hair, silk-worms, wild cats, tigers, leopards, lynxes, 

 argali with horns of one hundred pounds weight, pigs, white eagles, 

 and swans. All our domestic animals are known in Tibet. Fish are 

 abundant in the rivers, but they are not eaten, being prohibited by 

 the religion of Buddha. 



Political Ditiiiont. 1. The territory of the Dalai-Lama contains 

 the eastern and north-eastern parts of Tibet. The capital, ITL-usa or 

 Liua, is situated in a beautiful plain on the banks of the l)zang-tiu, 

 about 12 leagues above its junction with the Dzangbo. It is a populous 

 and very commercial town, and distinguished by many fine public 

 buildings, especially Buddhist convents and temples. There are a 

 small-pox hospital, a printing-office, and several schools. The town 

 has walls and five fortified gates. In the neighbourhood of the town 

 are four magnificent convents, the largest among the 3000 convents of 

 Tibet. The residence of the Dalai-Lama is in the convent of Pobrang- 

 Marbu (the Red Town), on Mount Botala, north-west of H'Lassa. It 

 is said that the principal building of this residence is 367 feet high, 

 and that it contains 10,000 rooms. I'v/a-gung-g/iar. a town inhabited 

 by 20,000 families, is situated east of H'Laasa, on the Dzingbo. 



2. The territory of the Teshu-Lama contains the provinces of Dzang 

 and Ngari, and perhaps also the countries of Khor and of Katchi. 

 HM residence is at the palace of Teshu-H'Lumbn, in 29 4' X. lat, 

 89* 7' K. loug. It was founded in 1447, on a small plain surrounded 

 by lofty mountains ; but as this plain is a part of the high table-land, 

 the environs are cold and deceit. Teshu-H'Lumbu lies almost opposite 

 to a paas across the Himalaya of liootan, which is defended by the 

 fortress of Dzigadze-Jeung. Teshu-H'Lumbu, or, more correctly, 

 Itcla H'Lumbo, contain! from 300 to 400 houses, convents, temples, 

 and palaces, which are surrounded by a wall, and all communicate 

 with each other. The chief building, where the Lama resides, has 

 the name of Lapranga. The greater part of the country between 

 Teahu-H'Lumbu and H'Lassa is a fertile and beautiful tract, which 

 extends along the river Dzangbo from west to east. At one day's 

 journey east of Teshu-H'Lumbu is Paul (Bainam), a small town 

 with a fortified castle. Soldi, or Jiecli, another small town, lies on 

 the northern bank of Lake Palto. 



Inkabitaittt and JJutory. Tbe first accounts of the history of Tibet 

 are in the annul* of the Mongols and of the Chinese. The Tibetans 

 belong to the Mongol race ; they were at first divided into many 

 independent tribes which led a nomadic life. The first king of Tibet 

 was Seger-Sandilitu-Khaglum-Tul-Ksen, who was exposed by his 

 father, and afterwards found in a copper box swimming on the river 

 Oanga. He became kinz in B.C. 313, and united the four great tribes 

 of Ngari, of Dang, of K'ham, and of U'Lassa or Wei. On* of his 

 descendants was H'latotori, who was born in A a 348, and who became 

 king in 367. In the fortieth year of bis reign (407) Buddhism was 

 introduced into Tibet SrongtUan-Oambo, who ascended the throne 

 A.n. 629, founded the town of H'Lasna, where ha held his residence. 

 His reign is particularly remarkable for the introduction of the Tibetan 

 alphabet, which is a modification of the Sanscrit alphabet Srongdsan- 

 Uambo died in 699. His successors carried on war with China, in 

 which they were often successful ; but in 821 Tibet was compelled to 

 pay tribute to China. Under King Dharma, who aaoanded the throne 

 in 901, Buddhism was almost destroyed, the king having adopted the 

 Black religion, or the Islam. Buddhism again became the dominant 

 religion after Dharma bad been murdered in 925. 



In the beginning of the llth century, each of the seven grandsons 

 of Kin.; Bilamgur-Diang became an independent prince; and from 

 this event dates the entire decline of the kingdom of Tibet, the power 

 of which had been already broken by the civil troubles which accom- 

 panied the persecution of Buddhism. One of the new kingdoms was 

 TAWutT, in the northern part of Tibet Oenghis Khan subdued all 

 Tibet in 1-06, and it was not before the end of the 13th century that 

 the country recovered from the calamity of the Mongol war by tho 

 careful administration of Kuubtai Khan. The easternmost parts of 

 Tibet were gradually conquered by the Chinese in 1125, 1255, 1362, 

 and 1371. Since the year 1720 all Tibet has been a tributary vassal 

 of China, and Chinese garrisons are in its towns, and they watch the 

 passes in the frontier mountains. The number of Chinero troops in 

 Tibet amounts to about 64,000 men. The government of Tibet is 

 supported by a hierarchy. The name of the chief priest is Lama, and 

 the Dalai-Lama is the first of them ; the second is the Teshu, or 

 Bogdo-Lama. The people are kind, tolerant, polite, and much more 

 civilised than the Mongols, although they are generally poor. Brothers 

 are allowed to have one woman in common. Arts and literature are 

 cultivated. Both the lamas are absolute princes in religious matters, 

 bat their sovereignty is chrcked by the authority of the emperor of 

 China, whose generals in Tibet have the command of the army and 

 the direction of temporal affairs. The high functionaries are almost 

 all i.hineae. 



(Rittec ; Turner, Kmbaay to the Court of Tethoo Lama in Tiket } 

 Anatie Journal ; Klaproth ; Reuiusat ; Kircher ; Sanan,' Setsen, 

 J/uUnyof Ike Mongolt ; Schmidt, Portehangm ts GMnttt dtr VoUctr 

 Mittelariau.) 



TIBUR. [Tivou.] 



TICEHURST, Sussex, a village and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, 

 in the pariah of Ticehurst, is situated ia 51 2' N. lat., 26' E. long., 

 distant 23 miles N.E. from Lewes, aud 45 miles S.E. from London. 

 The population of the parish in 1851 was 2850. The living is a 

 vicarage in the archdeaconry of Lewes and diocese of Chichester. 

 Ticehurst Poor-Law Union contains eight parishes and townships, 

 with an area of 51,659 acres, and a population iu 1851 of 15,507. The 

 parish church is a neat building. The \Vesleyan Methodists have a 

 chapel, and there are National schools and an extensive asvluui for 

 lunatics. Fairs are held May 4th and October 7th. 



TICl'NO, one of the Swiss cantons situated on the Italian slope of 

 the Alps, takes its name from the river Ticiuo, which has its sources 

 in the great central group of the St-Gothard, flows southward along 

 the Val Levautina, passes by Belliuzona, and then enters the Lago 

 Maggiore at its northern extremity, and issues out of it at tho oppo- 

 site end by the town of Sesto in Lombardy. [Po.] The canton is very 

 mountainous, being intersected by several offsets from the great chain 

 of the Lepontine and Khscti ui Alps. A number of valley*, large and 

 small, lie between these offsets, the largest running nearly parallel to 

 each other, aud sloping towards the south. The principal valleys ara 

 the Val Levantina, which runs in a southern direction through the 

 centre of the canton, and the Val Maggia, one of the largest in the 

 canton, which iu its upper part is called Val Lavizzara ; it is drained 

 by the river Maggia, a rapid Alpiue stream, which enters the L.igu 

 Maggiore near Locarno. 



A ridge called Monte Cenere runs across the southern part of tho 

 canton from north-east to touth-west. It detaches itself from (;.' 

 Inn Berg, and runs to the east bank of the LAGO MAUUIUIIE. South 

 of this ridge lies the basin of the Lake of Lugano, which is thus .-epa- 

 ratud froui the rest or northern part of the canton, the waters of which 

 run into the Lago Maggiore. The Lake of Luya.no, called also Ceresio, 

 lies within the territory of the canton, with the exception of its north- 

 east extremity, which stretches into Austrian Lombardy. IU length 

 is about 20 miles, but tha breadth is little more, than a mile, except 

 in front of the town of Lugano, where it is about two miles wide : tho 

 surface is about 800 feet above the sea, and the greatest depth is 

 SOU feet A number of tradiug-boaU ply on the lake. Its outlet is 

 farmed by the river Tresa, which runs into the Lago Maggiore. The 

 Lake of Lugano separates the southern part of the canton, consisting of 

 the district of Mendrisio and the circle of Certain, which form part of 

 the district of Lugano, from ttie rest of the canton, which lies north 

 of the lake. 



The canton it bounded K. by the cantons of Uri, Valais, and the 

 Orisons ; K. partly by the Orisons and partly by the Austrian province 

 of (Jomo; S. by the Milanese and Piedmont The surface of the 

 canton of Ticiuo may be divided into five regions: 1. The region of 

 the vine, the fig, and the pea'jh, which includes the lower valleys and 

 hills, and extends to the height of 2400 feet above the Lago Maggiore. 

 The olive, orange, aud lemon-trees thrive in some favoured spots. 

 2. The region of the chestnut, the pear, the apple, and cherry-tree, 

 which rises about 1000 feet higher. 3. The region of the fir-tree, 

 which rises to about 4500 feet above the level of the lake. 4. The 

 alpmi' pastures, which reach as high as 6000 feet 5. Tlie region of 

 perpetual snow, which includes several Alpiue. summits between f-.OOO 

 and 9000 fact high. There is consequently a great variety of climato 

 as well as of productions in the canton. Horned cattle, sheep, goats, 

 aud pigs are numerous ; there are few horses or mules. Wolves aud 

 bears are hunted in the mountains. The rivers and lakes abound iu 

 fish. The principal articles of export ara cattle, cheese, wind aud 

 fruits, hay, hides, aud marble. Corn is imported from Lombardy. 

 The manufactures are of no very great importance ; they consist 

 chiefly of coarse cloth, leather, platted straw, and tobacco. The silk- 

 worm is reared. 



The area of the canton is 1033 square miles, and the population in 

 1850 was 117,75V, all Catholics but 50. Th-j language of the canton 

 it a dialect of Italian. Several thousand people emigrate every year 

 to work in other countries, as masons, porters, glaziers, chocolate- 

 makers, and sellers of barometers. 



The principal towns are : Lugano, a pretty thriving town on tho 

 north-west shore of the Lake of Lugano, in a lovely situation, enjoyiug 

 an Italian climate, has some fine churches, some large mansions, an 

 hospital, a theatre, manufactories of silk, paper, tobacco, leather, iron 

 and copper works, aud 5142 inhabitants. There are at Lugano many 

 merchants, it being on one of the great high roads between Switzerland 

 and Italy. A fair is held in the month of October. Lugano has a 

 college, several elementary schools, and a reading-room. Three news- 

 papers are published in the Italian language. The country around 

 Lugano is planted with vines, olives, and other southern trees, aud 

 full of country-houses. Btlliraona, a walled town situated iu the 

 valley of the Ticino, on the high road of the St.-Uothard, has a very 

 fine church, a college, an arsenal, and 1926 inhabitants. Locarno, 

 a small town with a fort on the Lago Maggiore, has several churches, 

 a cattle which it now tho government-house, and 2676 inhabitants. 

 Mendritio, a towii of 1700 inhabitants, in a fertile country, and on the 

 high road to Como and Milan, has a college, several churches, a 

 printing-press, and tome silk manufactories. 



At the beginning of the 16th century the Swiss obtained possession 



