TICKKXHALL. 



TIGRIS. 



BIS 



et Lecmo, Lanoo. and the rest of the country. 

 i^t^UuKlTogte,-. 



______ __ _ __ irhich they formed 



to. or bwlliage*, some of which were under 

 ___ _ __ I of the three Korost cantons, and others, such 



M Legano ad Locarno, wer lubjeet to the whole Swiei confederation. 

 Ttw*7 district* were united into one canton by the name of Ticin... 

 ad * sooh It WM acknowledged by Bonaparte in hU Aot of Mediation, 

 ul afWwards by the eJlied power* In 1814. The fraucliise is rated 

 to all native* of Hie canton who ar*25 yemn old. and possessed of real 

 WMMrt* or capiUl of the value of at Ue*t 800 franc*. The Oreat 

 Omocil. or legulatuns consist* of 114 member., elected for 4 yean; 

 it appoiuU the executive. ae well M the judge* of the various courU 

 ! eettaiMtioal natten the canton of Ticiuo depends partly ou the 

 bishop of Como and partly on the archbishop of Milan. The canton 

 retam* member* to the National Council of SWITIEIII-IMI. 



TICKKSIIAI.L. [OBRBTBIIIRK.] 



TirKHll.L i YoRKsiimr.) 



TIOESWKLU II>imrsHiBK.l 



TllK)KK,ooeof the Moluccas, a situated in the strait which divides 

 the Wand of Uilolo from that of Celebris and is traversed by 127 25' 

 K. loo*. It is well wooded, and about 21 miles iu circumference. 

 Near the southern coast riaea a conical mountain, which is of volcanic 

 origin, and above 4000 feet above the aea. The soil is abundantly 

 watered and of great fertility, well cultivated, and produces rice in 

 abundance. The sago-tree, the clove- and nutmeg-tree, grow wild. 

 The island is very populous, and governed by a sultan, who also 

 I minni portion* of Uilolo. The sultan is dependent on the Dutch 

 government. The inhabitants are Mohammedans. 



TIKL1S, or TEFLIS. the capital of the Russian province of Georgia, 

 is situaUd in 41 41' N. lat, 44 50,' E. long., on the river Kur, at 

 aa elevation of 1100 foet above the level of the Black Sea, and has 

 about 50,000 inhabitant*. The Kur here flows through a valley con- 

 toed between two ranges of lofty mountains. The town stands at the 

 foot of a line of dark and barren hills, whose high and caverned sides 

 gloomily overshadow it. Kv*ry house, every building within its 

 walla, seem* to share the dUmal hue of the surrounding heights. It 

 is built on both side* of the river; but the larger portion, which is on 

 the right or west bank, contains the houses of the wealthiest inhabit- 

 ant*. Uie great bazaar, the principal squares, the finest churches, the 

 public offices, the resilience of the military governor, and of the 

 commandor-in-chief. This is the city properly so called, which again 

 i* divided into two part*, the old and new town. The limits of the 

 old town are distinctly marked by the ruins of the ancient fortifications. 

 The new town extends to the north and west beyond these walls, and 

 i* distinguished from the old town by its new buildings in the Euro- 

 pean style and broader street*. The greater part of it is called by 

 the Georgians Qoretuban, that is, the ' street out of the city.' On the 

 ! ft bank is the extensive suburb Awlabar, a large caravansary, the 

 barracks, and the fortress, or citadel, built by the Turks in 1576. 

 Toward* the south the town lean* against the chain of hills running 

 from the south-west, on the summit of which are extensive ruins of a 

 very ancient fortress ; iu highest point at the western end of the old 

 wall is 392 feet above the bridge over the Kur ; towards the west it 

 lien higher, and thence a small stream of water is conducted to the 

 city, the bed of which however is generally quite dry except imme- 

 diately after rain. 



There are in TiBis IS Greek churches, 20 Armenian nud 2 Roman 

 Catholic churches, some of which are very handsome structures; 

 several hotels, many elegant shops, a fine bathing establishment, and 

 numerous schools. At a point where the river is hemmed in by rocks, 

 a bridge of a single arch connect* the town with the suburb of Awlabar. 

 Here also are the ruin* of an ancient fort, church and houses, and 

 boot two mile* farther from this side of the city stand the remains 

 of another sacred edifice, on the summit of a lofty hill Iu the older 

 part* of Tifli* the bouses are ill built, and the streets so narrow that 

 Jy one carriage can pasa through the widest, and in tho smaller 

 street* there i* scarcely room for a horseman. 



Tifli* has been chiefly indebted for iu celebrity to its warm baths, 

 and iu Georgian name, Tphilisk Alaki, U equivalent to ' warm town.' 

 The building of Tiflis and the transferring of the royal residence to 

 this place from Usenet, on the declivity of the Caucasus, were effected 

 about the year 465, by king Waktang I., Cork-Asian. The mineral 

 pray rise in considerable numbers at the south end of the city, 

 between the strata of limestone, whence they are conducted into tho 

 a"* excavated in the solid rock, under one immense roof, divided 

 into different apartment* for the men and the women. These waters 

 I to be very beneficial in rheumatic complaints and cutaneous 

 The hottest spring marks 115-25 on Fahrenheit's thermo- 

 r; the eoldeet 7476*. 



The eitoatioa of Tifli* would certainly make it one of the most 

 delightful *pou in the world, if the mountains between which it lies 

 were not totally destitute of tree*. They reflect the ray* of the sun 

 free* the southern slope of the Caucasus, and thus produce in the 

 ralley* an oppreeaiv* heat, which HUT perhaps be the cause of the 



S 00 * dta "?LT rmUlli "* Th "" in J" 1 * ri* * "OTC 100 

 Fahr. In 1890 the population did not exceed 15,000, and it now 

 probablv exceeds 50,000, about one-half of whom are Armenians, the 

 Georgians, 



remainder ^ohiefly 

 hundred 



eome Itoman Catholics, and about a 

 It is the residence of a Georgian patriarch, 



a Georgian metropolitan, and an Armenian archbishop. There are 

 some manufactories of woollen, cotton, and silk. 



Tiflis is most favourably situated to bo the medium of an extensive 

 trade between Europe and Asia, but the restrictive tariff of Russia 

 prevents it* commerce from attaining its natural expansion ; although 

 since Georgia has had the advantage of a settled government under 

 the Czar the commercial transactions of Tiflis have vastly increased. 

 European goods were formerly landed at Redout Kaleh on the east 

 coast of the Black Sea, and carried to Tabriz and other towns of the 

 cast by way of Tiflis giving rise to a most important transit trade. 

 But the high duties on import* imposed by the ukase of 1831, and tho 

 vexation* regulations for their transit, have driven all this trade to 

 Trebizond. The trade with Persia is still very important, and U 

 almost entirely in the hands of the Armenians. 



TIGRANO'CERTA, for some time the capital of Armenia, was 

 built by king Tigranes after he had extended his dominion over Meso- 

 potamia, Syria, and Phoenicia, about B.C. 80. Artaxata, the old capital 

 on the Araxes, was situated in the north and in the neighbourhood 

 of the Caucasian nations. Tigranocerta was situated a short distance 

 from the Upper Tigris, on the Nicephorius, a river of considerable 

 breadth, as Tacitus states. Sert or Sered, a small town, surrounded 

 by ancient ruins, U generally supposed to bo on the site of Tigrano- 

 certa. Sert is situated on the Bithlis River, which is considered to bo 

 identical with the Nicephorius. [ARMENIA, voL i. col. 516.] According 

 to Tacitus, Plutarch, and Appian, Tigranocerta had very strong fortifi- 

 cations; its suburbs contained gardens and fish-ponds. The town 

 was inhabited partly by barbarians, and partly by Greeks, the inhabit- 

 ants of twelve Greek towns who were transplanted thither by Tigrunes 

 after he had ravaged Cappadocia. Lucullus, in his campaign ag.iinst 

 Mithridates and Tigranes, laid siege to this key of Armenia before ho 

 ventured to enter the defiles that lead to the central table-land of 

 Armenia. The united kings hastened to relieve the town, but they 

 were beaten, and Tigranocerta with immense treasures fell into the 

 hands of the victor (6th October, B.C. 69), who sent the greater part 

 of tho Greek inhabitants back to their homes in Cappadocia. Strabo 

 says that, when Lucullus took Tigranocertn, it was only half finished, 

 and that after its destruction there was nothing but a little village on 

 the spot However it soon became again a town, and in the wars of 

 Corbulo, A.D. 63, it was a considerable and well-fortified place. (Tacitus, 

 ' Aunal.,' xv. 4.) The termination certa, Kerta, Cirta, is a modification 

 of the Phoenician Cartlt, 'a city;' A'inl, or Kertl, aud ghcrd, its modem 

 forms, occur in the names of several towua iu Armenia and Persia. 



TIGRE. [ABYSSINIA.] 



TIGUIS aud EUPHRATES, two large rivers of western Asia, unite 

 their waters at Kuruah. in the lower part of the plain of Babylonia, 

 aud take the name of Shatt-d-Arab, which falls into the IYi-.-i:ui Gulf 

 near 30 N. lat, 48 80' E. long. Both rivers rise in the central 

 table-land of Armenia, and after breaking through the Taurus inclose 

 the great plains of Mesopotamia, the Euphrates forming the boundary 

 ou the west and south, and the Tigris ou the east. 



The Euphrates is formed about two hours above Kebban Maden, 

 (39 N. lat, 39 E. long.) by the confluence of two rivers, to both of 

 which the name Prat is occasionally applied, but which are more gene- 

 rally known, the eastern as the Murad, the western na the Kara-Su. 



The Murad rises on the west side of Ala-Tag, near the north-east 

 termination of the mountain group that encircles Lake Van. [Amu: MA.] 

 The stream flows down a mountain ravine nearly six hours due north 

 to Uiyadin (33 32' N. lat, 43 40' E. long.), where it enters the plain 

 of Arishkerd, and turning north-west flows in that direction about 

 24 miles to Kara-Kilisa. At Kara-Kilisa it receives the Shcriran-f<*, 

 which flows east from its source near Molla-Suleiman. From Kara- 

 Kilisa to the junction of the Char-Buhur (about 39 N. lat, 41 30' 

 E. long.) the Murad flows iu a general direction of south-west, having 

 the mountain range of which Ala-Tag, Sapan-Tag, aud Nimrud-Tag 

 are the most remarkable summits, stretching parallel to it at a consi- 

 derable distance on the south-east, aud the Bingol Mountains south 

 of the Aras and of Er/ruiu at about an equal distance to the north- 

 west [ARMENIA.] Near Malaskird, a town about 36 .miles below 

 Kara-Kilisa, the Murad is joined by the Kaleli-Su,, which has its source 

 at Khiuis, and flows from the north-west Near the source of the 

 Kaleh-Su is Khiuis. The Char-Buhur rises in the angle between tho 

 Dujik and the I'.in-Uul Mountains, and flows Dearly east by south till 

 it joins the Murad : tho rivers meet in a straight line, the former 

 coining from the west, the latter from the east, and the surface of the 

 water at the point of junction is about 70 yards wide in the month of 

 June, and 4138 feet above the sea. The united stream turns off at 

 right angles to the south, through a narrow valley which widi-iM 

 gradually till it become* part of the plaiu of Mush. The river retains 

 the direction of south for about 10 miles, when it receives the Kara-Sii, 

 which traverses the plain of Mush. The Murad from its junction with 

 tho Kara-Su to the plain of Kharput flows in a general western direc- 

 tion, between the Dujik-Dagh on the north and the continuation of 

 the Taurus Mountains on the south. Between the plain of Mush and 

 Kharput the river is navigated by keleks, or rafts, loaded with charcoal, 

 fire-wood, &c. For a short distance before tho Murad enters the 

 plain of Kharput the mountains close in upou it on both sides, so 

 that the stream i* narrowed in some places to a breadth of 33 yards. 

 The basin of the Murad between, the plaiu of Mush and the plain 



