TIMBUCTOO. 



M 



MHM it, .IOM of Ik* Sbr-al-Bsfh raa|*, at an elevation of about 

 J0 fc* abc it -. aod n^riy miday brtwwn tha laka. of Van 

 KlUmiyah. [AaUMBU, voL Loot M8.) At tot th. Zab Bon 

 to ib* Mth. but abevt J7' !' X. U*. it turn, to th. wert-wuth-wt. 

 Xar MM villa*, of Kiyau It raodvw UM Betduawi (oalUd aUo by 

 OM ia*UUu Uw UBMT Zab). which U aaid to rise in tho Erdo.b, 

 or ArjU-Tig. a f*w miU. wuth of Ui astora tormiaaUon of Lake 

 Van. ana whiohJuiin ji to UM principal stream in a snooeaton of 

 ill ill "- Afur UM junction th. Zab Bow. south t till about 12 

 mOm >** of Aattdiyvh, from which point iu court. is rather to the 

 l of (Mi, to 10 mil w* of RowaodU, who* it receive, a large 



of hUU which 



Amadiyah and liowandix, the Zab hu on the north 

 tin* in which it ha* iU rite j on the south a range 

 eh from Mar the month of the Eastern Khabur to 



Ut. DM. of Mount Bowandu (11,000 fott abov. the iea). Turning 

 round BitwaMi th h*M at RowandU and th. eastern extremity of 

 tfcb rid**, UM Zab email a hill-roge parallel to it on the touth, and 

 MM Mlk-wwt to UM Tigru, which it raters with a deep itream 80 

 (Ml wfaU, bat UM width U much greater a little higher up. 



Aboal M nib. bolow UM month of the Great Zab the Tigris forces 

 iu way throuch the Hamrin Hills. About 12 miles below the Great 

 Zab there is a ford in tb. Tigris ; SO miles farther down it receives an 

 anVMnt from U.wost near KakhShirkat; and 28 miles below this it U 

 iotMdbyUMZab-AnU,<HMr or Leuer Zab from the north-east The 

 OMB branch of tUs tributary rim 80 miles south-west of the south 

 ntrraiity of Lake L'rumiyah ; flows SO miles to the south-east, and 

 UMB tarns abruptly to the south-west; about 20 miles onwards it 

 raoetTO* four affluent* from the mountains to tho south-oast, and 

 carries to UM Tigris, after flowing parallel to the Great Zab for the 

 Urt SO or 60 miles of its course, a deep stream 25 feet broad. At the 

 point of junction the Tigris has a breadth of 500 yards. Below the 

 passage of UM rirer through the Uamrin Hills, high grounds, which 

 separate its valley from the Valley of the Tarthar, extend close to 

 th. termination of tho Median Wall Here the Tigris issues from the 

 hill, into the great central plain. Between Diar-Bekr and Mosul (296 

 mile.) the river is navigable for rafts at certain seasons ; below Mosul 

 it is navigable throughout the year; in 1833 the ' Euphrates' steamer 

 txWd it to " 



t to within 20 miles of Mosul 

 A few miles below Baghdad the Tigris U joined by the Diyalah, 

 which is known in its upper course as the river of Shirwan. This 

 river riaw among the mountains abov. Hamadan near 34 40' N. lat, 

 47' 30' E. long., and flows for about 30 mile. from east to west ; then, 

 turning at first to th. north of west, for nearly 100 miles in a semi- 

 esrcalar sweep round the base of Mount Dalahu, it receives a number 

 of strwms on its south bank. Some of the summits of this moun- 

 tain group rise, by the estimate of Major Rawliuson, 6000 feet above 

 their base. At th. most northern part of its course the Shirwan 

 receive. UM waters of the Taj, one of whose branches comes from 

 BnMmaniyah. It then flows south-east for about 30 miles, till it 

 ISBIM. into th. plain through a gap in the Hamrin Hills. Above these 

 hills th. river flows in a strong rapid current 400 yards broad. Its 

 breadth at iU mouth at Cteaiphon, above the Zak Kesra, is about 

 60 varda, Prom the Kennansbah district the Diyalah receives the 

 Holwan and th. Arwand. The other feeders of the Tigris above 

 Knrttah. and the tributaries of the Shalul Arab below that town, are 

 noticed in th. article BAGHDAD, Pashalio of (voL L cols. 820, 821). 



Flv. miles below Baghdad the Saklawiyah Canal, from the Euphrates, 

 joins UM Tigris ; the distance along this canal from river to river was 

 found by Lieutenant Lynch (who sailed along it in 1838, in the 

 Euphrates steamer) to be 45 miles. The current (in the season of 

 flood.) was about 4 mile, an hour, from the Euphrates to the Tigris. 

 0* the paralUl of Baghdad, the canal expands to a considerable lake, 

 which again contracts into a narrow channel before it joins the Tigris. 

 Th. Diyalah, which joins th. Tigris 21 miles below the mouth of the 

 Canal, brings into the Tigri. a large body of water. From 

 DOS UM conn, of th. Tigris is extremely winding, but its 

 -vJ 8 *! ?. U t 8uUw t- Abont 97* miles in a straight line 

 i Baghdad hi that direction, it reaches KuWl-amarah, a small 

 town on iU Uft bank, who. a bifurcation takes place : and here the 

 .d ofmving an addition to iU water, from the Euphrates, 

 kUwiyah, mds a con.id.rmbU stream to that river. The 

 *, called Shat-el-hai, flow. .,,utl, and joins the Euphrates, 

 imbsr of canals on both sides, about 140 miles 

 > : ft ta navigable throughout for light boat*. The 



UM 



. 

 Tigris tarns off at that town to tli. north of east, 



""to**** *"" < 200 ** w * now- 



"*" * uth b * wt82 



ita cou " in 



wll'ilinlr < *^" I !!!!!'^. A u M mUr * (b f water > a nnl olle" 

 Till .Una saibZ* **"* **** Kerkhah near Hawfcah. 



tun <><>* to 



u, tarnw > U1 < 1 ""I"* number of abrupt 

 *!** P-* 1 * for 40 "'" to Ui. tomb of Em. It 

 fcrmer brsaHth and wind, in a general south direc 

 rHhth. Eaphrau. at Kumah, a distance of about 



i 



M Baklawiyah Canal UM Euphratc. ffow. aoutu-mt, thro 



ugh 



a pastoral country, 43 miles, to the Mounds of Mohammed : it is here 

 only 18 miles distant from the Tigris. From the Mounds of Moham- 

 ned the river flows across a flat barren country to Hillah ( 

 N. lat., 44 S3' 40-5" E. Ion?.), which is almost due south of Bagh.Ul, 

 and between CO and 60 miles distant from it In this part of its 

 ooune the stream has an averaga breadth of 200 yards, with an 

 ordinary depth of 15 feet, and a current of barely 2i mile, an hour, 

 'rum Hillah to a bifurcation a short way above Lemlun (a distance of 

 'jj miles by- water, or 56j miles S.E. by S. direct), the volumo 

 of water in the Euphrates is materially diminished by canals of 

 rrigation. The two narrow channels formed at this point reunite at 

 varayem (33 ( miles from the bifurcation), after flowing in short bends 

 .hroiigh a marshy country. On issuing from thesa marshes the 

 Euphrates suddenly re-appeara on its former large scale, inclosed 

 Mtween high banks covered with jungle. At 56] miles from Karayeui 

 .ho Euphrates is joined by the Hai, the branch which diverges from 

 .he Tigris at Kut-el-amarali ; and 78 miles farther on it receives at 

 Kurniih the waters of the main branch. The distance (by water) from 

 ,ho remotest sources of the Tigris to Kumah is about 1146 miles, 

 little more than half the length of the Euphrates. The Euphrates 

 and Tigris now form one tidal channel, known by tho name of 

 the Shat-el-Arab, about half a mile wide, which flows S.K. by S. 

 almost in a straight line. Five miles below Kuruah, it is joined by 

 ;he Kerkhah, which, near Hawiza, where it leaves the hills, receives 

 ;Ue Hud from the Tigris. [BAGHDAD, 1'asholic of.] From Kurnah to 

 Basrah is 89 1 mile* by the river, and thence to Mohammarsh, where 

 ;he Harfar Canal brings the main portion of the Karun into the Slcit- 

 el-Arab, is 22J miles by water. [BAGHDAD, I'aahalic of.] Between 

 Kuruah and Basrah the river has an average breadth of 600 yards, 

 with a depth of 21 feet ; between Basrah and Mohanimarah, a breadth 

 of 700 yards, and a depth of 30 feet The current below Kurnah is 

 2 miles an hour during the flood and 3 miles during the ebb tido. 

 Between Kumah and Mohammarah the river forms five islands, all 

 large. The Shat-el-Arab discharges the united waters of the Euphrates 

 and the Tigris into the sea at Basrah. It is navigable in mid-stream 

 for vessels of 500 tons. 



The basin of the Euphrates (giving that name to the area drained 

 by all the waters which enter the Persian Gulf by the Shat-el-Arab) 

 comprises about 108,000 square mile*. The physical features, pro- 

 ducts, Ac., of this vast region are described iu the articles Ait u KM \. 

 BAGHDAD, Pashalio of, MESOPOTAMIA, ASSYRIA, BABYLONIA. &c. The 

 melting of the snows on the mountains and table-land* of Armenia, 

 causes the Euphrates to rise from the end of March to the end of May, 

 when the floods ore at their height, about 14 feet Tho same cause, 

 aided by the melting of the snows on the mountains of Kurdistan, 

 occasions a rise in the Tigris of about 20 feet The tide ascends the 

 Euphrates above Kurnah, a distance of 60 miles ; it scarcely extends 

 35 miles up the Tigris. 



(Colonel Chesney ; Effvdilion to the Euphralet and Tiyri* ; Journal 

 of the Royal Qeographical Society of London ; Rich, KoorJittan ; 

 Morier, Fraser, and Ainsworth, Trareli ; Martin, Alcmuiiti tur 

 TArminie.) 



TIKHWIN. [NOVGOROD.] 



TILBURG. [BBABANT, North.] 



TILBURY. [ESSEX.] 



TILEBURST. [BKIIKSHIBE.] 



TILLICOULTRY. [CLACKMANHANSIHRK.] 



TILLINGHAM. [Esssx.] 



TILSIT. [GcltBHtKKH.] 



TILSTOCK. [SHUOPSHIRE.] 



TIMANA. [NEW GRASADA.] 



TIMBUCTOO, a city in the interior of Northern Africa, is situated 

 in about 17 8' N. lat, 2 68' VV. long., on the declivity of an incon- 

 siderable eminence about 8 miles N. from the Niger, and at tho most 

 northern part of its course where it makes the great semicircular bend 

 from the north-east to the south-east direction. Cabra, the port of 

 Timlmctoo, stands at a distance of 5 miles from the town, and is 

 connected with the Niger by a narrow canal. Between Cabra and 

 Timbuctoo there are two lakes. A wady, filled during tho rainy 

 season with a stream of water, extends from north-east of Timbuctoo, 

 and, passing to the south of that town, disembogues into the Niger to 

 the south-west of it All round the wady extend immense plains of 

 loose shifty sands of a yellowish-white colour. Timbuctoo has been 

 from remote antiquity the meeting-place of many converging lines 

 of traffic. It is the nearest point at which the traders from the 

 commercial districts that skirt the coasts of the Mediterranean west 

 of Barco, and of the Atlantic north of Cape Nun, can strike, after 

 crossing the great desert, the fertile lands extending to the south-east 

 and south-west along the Upper and Lower Niger. 



Leo Africanus states that Timbuctoo was built by Mansa Suleiman, 

 about the year 610 of the Hejira (A.D. 1214), and that it soon became 

 the capital of a powerful state. But there is strong reason to suppose 

 that either the Kupha or Nigeira Metropolis of Ptolemy, previously 

 occupied the site of the town built by Mansa Suleiman. Indeed, accord- 

 ing to an author quoted by Cooley (' Negroland of the Arabs,' p. 68), 

 a town bearing the name Tumbuti existed hereabouts as early as the year 

 297 of the Hejira, Hulers with the title Mansa continued to govern 

 Timbuctoo from 610 to 792 of the Hejira, The chiefs of Morocco 



