853 



TIMOR 



TIPPERARY. 



854 



and Fez rendered Timbuctoo tributary, and from that time the com- 

 munications of the Arabs with that country became more frequent 

 and regular. Leo Africanus mentions that the grand mosque of the 

 town and the palace of the king were built by an architect from 

 Granada. The Arab conquerors allowed however the native dynasty 

 to remain on the throne. The expulsion of the Arabs from Spain, 

 and the weakening of the Arab power in North Africa by the Turkish 

 conquests in Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers, in the course of the 15th 

 century, increased the impunity of the predatory nomad hordes; 

 and about the same time, or a little later, the formation of settle- 

 ments on the west coast of Africa, first by the Portuguese and after- 

 wards by the English and French, by creating a new line of traffic 

 with the interior, diminished the importance of Timbuctoo as a com- 

 mercial entrepot. About the year 1500 a negro general of Soniheli, 

 king of Timbuctoo, raised the standard of revolt on the death of his 

 master, overturned the Moorish supremacy, conquered a number of 

 the neighbouring provinces, and recalled to Timbuctoo a part of the 

 trade which had left it for Jenne" on the Niger. About 1670 Timbuctoo 

 seems to have fallen under the dominion of the king of Bambarra. 

 Since 1727 it appears to have been governed by a negro ruler, that is, 

 by one who is neither an Arab, nor a Tuarik, nor a Fellatah. 



Caillio estimates the permanent inhabitants of Timbuctoo at from 

 10,000 to 12,000. After the arrival of the caravans the town assumes 

 for a portion of the year a much more populous and probably a much 

 more bustling appearance. The streets are clean, and wide enough 

 to allow three horsemen to pass abreast. The houses are of sun-dried 

 bricks, and consist entirely of a ground-floor ; in some a sort of closet 

 is constructed over the entrance ; the apartments are built on the 

 four sides of an open court in the centre. Both within the town and 

 round about it there are numerous straw huts of a conical form. 

 The town is not walled. In the centre of the town is a square sur- 

 rounded by circular huts, and planted with a few trees : in the middle 

 of it a large hole is dug as a receptacle for filth. Two enormous 

 heap* outside of the town appeared to be accumulations of rubbish. 

 Some buildings on the east side of the town are overwhelmed with 

 rand. There are seven mosques ; two of them large, and part of the 

 largest apparently of considerable antiquity ; each is surmounted by 

 a brick tower. To the west-south-west of the town are large excava- 

 tion* from 35 to 40 feet deep, which collect in the rainy season the 

 supplies of water which serve the inhabitant? for drinking and culi- 

 nary purposes throughout the year. There is no spontaneous vege- 

 tation near the town except some stunted mimosa-trees. Near the 

 reservoirs are some small plantations of bad tobacco. The inhabit- 

 ants of Timbuctoo draw from Jenne their supplies of millet, rice, 

 vegetable butter, honey, cotton, Soudan cloth, pepper, onions, dried 

 fih, piitachioea, Ac. Fire-wood and timber for building, and provender 

 for cattle, are brought from Cabra. They purchase cattlu from the 

 nomads of the tribe of Zawat, who possess th country two days' 

 journey distant from Timbuctoo to the north-east ; from the people 

 of Sala, ten days' journey to the east; and from the Tuariks, who are 

 the most powerful race, on all sides. They procure salt for their 

 own consumption and for the trade with Soudan from Tddeiii, which 

 lies twenty days' journey north-west of the town. 



Tho negro and Arab inhabitants of Timbuctoo are ezslutively 

 engaged in trade. Tho negro inhabitants draw like the Moon, and 

 are zealous Mohammedans. They have several wives, whom, as well 

 as their slaves, they employ in menial affairs. Cailliu represents all 

 classes of the inhabitants as cleanly both in their persons and houses. 

 Cabra, the port of Timbuctoo, in secured against inundations by being 

 slightly elevated above the marshes; the sandy desert commences 

 immediately to the north of it. This place has about 1000 or 1200 

 inhabitant*, all of the poorer class, engaged in the service of the 

 merchants of Timbuctoo. The dwelling* arc either mean houses 

 or small huts ; the street is neat, but the landing place is dirty. The 

 merchandise is conveyed between the port and Timbuctoo on asses 

 and camels : these belong in general to the inhabitants of Cabra ; 

 but sometimes the poorer Tuariks hire their camels for the purpose. 



(C. 1'tolemici, Oeoyraphia, lib. viii ; M'Queen, A.Oeoyrapkieat Survey 

 of Africa; Walcken.-w.-r, Rtchercha Geographigua tttr I'liMriew de 

 tAfnque; Cooley, Ntgrolat.d of the Aral*; Travel* of Park, Lyon, 

 Denham, Clapperton, Caillid, Ac.) 

 TIMOli and TIMOR LAUT. [SuirDA IBLAJTDS, Letter.] 

 T1NCHKBRAI. fount] 

 TINIAN, one of the Ladrone or Mariano Islands, lies nearly in 15 

 N. lat, 146 E. long. It U uninhabited and of small extent Lord 

 Anson remained on the isle of Tinian from the 26th of August to the 

 21st of October, 1742. It extends about 12 miles from south-south- 

 west to north-north-east, and the breadth is about half as much. 

 The soil is somewhat sandy, but very dry and healthy. The land 

 rises in gentle slopes from the beach to the middle of the island, 

 but the ascent u often interrupted by small level valleys, many ol 

 which wind irregularly through the country. These valleys and the 

 gradual swellings of the ground are most beautifully diversified by 

 an alt woods and lawns, which traverse the island. There 



sre no running streams, but good water is found by digging. Near 

 the middle of the island there are three small lakes. Black cattle, in 

 a wild state, are numerous. The common domestic fowl is plentiful 

 in tbe woods. There is also an abundance of wild hogs. Besides the 



cocoa-nut palm and the bread fruit-tree there are guavas, limes, and 

 sweet and sour oranges. There is no harbour, but only an open road- 

 stead near the south-western extremity of the island. The island 

 contains some remarkable ruins. [LADRONES.] 



(Anson, Voyage round the World ; Kotzebue, Voyage of Diicorery 

 into the South Sea, &c.) 



TINN1VELLY. [CARNATIC.] 



TINO. [AcHlPELAOO, Grecian.] 



TINTAGEL. [BOSSINEY.] 



TINTENIAC. [ILLE-ET-VILAINE.] 



TINTERN. [MONMOUTHSHIRE.] 

 TIOOMEN. [SIBERIA.] 



TIPERAH MOUNTAINS. [HINDDSTAN; SILHET.] 

 TIPPERARY, an inland county in the province of Munater, Ireland, 

 is bounded N. by Qalway and King's County, E. by King's County, 

 Queen's County, and Kilkenny, S. by Waterford, and VV. by the 

 counties of Cork, Limerick, Clare, and Galway. It lies between 

 52 12' and 63 9' N. lat, 7 20' and 8 26' W. long. Its greatest 

 length from north to south is 70 miles, from east to west 40 miles. 

 The area is 1659 square miles, or 1,061,731 acres; of which 843,887 

 acres are arable, 178,183 acrea uncultivated, 23,779 acres in planta- 

 tions, 2359 acres in towns, and 13,523 acres under water. The 

 population in 1841 was 435,553 ; in 1851 it was 331,487. 



Surface, Hydrography, and Communication*. The greater part of 

 the county is comprehended in the basin of the Suir, which falls 

 into Waterford Harbour. The other rivers, which are small and 

 unimportant, are the Nore, the Nenagh, and the Broma. The Suir 

 rises north of Templemore, on the south-eastern slope of the moun- 

 tains that there cross the county, and flows by Thurles, Golden, and 

 Cahir, to the junction of the little river Nier : after which it flows 

 along the border of this county and Waterford, by Clonmel and 

 Carrick, below which it quits the county. Its course in Tipperary 

 may be estimated at about 76 miles. The Suir is navigable by large 

 bargee up to Clonmel. 



The lakes in this county, of which there are many, are very small, 

 the largest not exceeding 40 acres; but Lough Derg, which forms it 

 western boundary with Galway and Clare for a length of 22 miles 

 in a straight line, affords, with the Shannon and the Suir, its southern 

 boundary with Waterford from Cloumel to Carrick, the only naviga- 

 tion of the county. 



The coach road from Dublin to Cork enters the south-eastern side 

 of the county, and pastes through Clonmel and Clogheen. Another 

 road from Dublin to Cork by Athy passes through Cashel and Cahir. 

 The road from Dublin through Kildare and Maryborough (Queen's 

 County) to Limerick crosses the northern part through Roscrea, 

 Toomevara, and Nenagh ; another road from Dublin through Parsons- 

 town (King's County) and Borris-o-Kaue unites with the foregoing at 

 Nenagh. The road from Waterford to Limerick enters the couuty 

 on the south-east at Carrick-on-Suir, and passes through Clonmel, 

 Cahir, and Tipperary. Tbe road from Clonmel to Ballinasloe in 

 Galway, passes through Fcthard, Cashel, Thurles, and Roscrea. Them 

 are other roads of less importance. 



The Great Southern and Western railway enters the county near 

 Roscrea, and runs in a generally southward direction past Temple- 

 more to ThurlcH, whence it is continued in the same direction to 

 Goold's Cross, and is connected with Cashel. From Thurles the 

 main line turns south-westward to the north of Tipperary, and past 

 Emly, a few miles beyond which it quits the couuty. There is a 

 branch to Limerick, of which only a small portion is within this 

 county. There is also a short branch to Tipperary. 



Geology, Mineralogy, <tc. A considerable part of the county is 

 hilly or mountainous, but the mountains lie in groups, and not in 

 connected ranges. The Kuockmcledowii Mountains, on the south 

 border of the county, rise to the height of 2700 feet above the level 

 of the sea. They are placed in a table-land of clay-slate, partly 

 bordered on the flanks by sandstone, and on the higher grounds sus- 

 taining isolated caps of the same rock, or upholding more continuous 

 mountain-masses. On the north the limestone track separates the 

 Knockmeledown Mountains from the Galtees, of which the principal 

 summits (3000 feet high) are in this county. North of the Galtees 

 rise the Slieve-na-Muck Mountains, which form a subordinate aud 

 lower range. Both the Galtees and the Slieve-na-Muck are composed 

 wholly of sandstone, and the intermediate valley or glen appears to 

 be occupied by the same formation. The sandstone is in general 

 composed of grains of quartz closely aggregated. The sandstone of 

 Slieve-na-Muck yields excellent flags. In the south-eastern corner of 

 the county, north of Clonmel and Carrick-on-Suir, is a group of hills 

 called SSlieve-na-Man, the geological character of which is similar to 

 that of the mountains already described : the group consists of a 

 nucleus of clay-slate, surrounded and surmounted by sandstone. 



The principal bogs are in the eastern and central part of the county ; 

 one continuous line of bog extends from near the border of the coal- 

 field, near Killeuaule, to tho south-eastern foot of the central range of 

 hills at Roscrea, a distance of nearly 30 miles; and there are smaller 

 detached bogs westward of this, and some in the northern part of the 

 county, between the Lower Brosna and the Shannon. 



In the centre of the couuty is another important group of moun- 

 tains. It commences in the county of Limerick^ aud is there known 



