857 



TIPPERARY. 



TIVOLI. 



853 



increasing the power of the clergy, and more completely assimilating 

 the practices of the Irish Church to those of the Church of Home. 

 Tipperary was one of the districts erected into counties by King John 

 (1210), during his expedition to Ireland, at the head of a considerable 

 army. It is probable that the northern part at least of the county 

 was part of the seat of war (1274-1277) between the O'Briens, who 

 retained a portion of Thomond, and the Anglo-Norman, or as we may 

 now term them, Anglo-Irish family of the De Clares. In 1328 the 

 royal privileges in the county were granted to James Butler, earl of 

 Carrick, now created also Earl of Ormond ; these royalties were long 

 retained by the earls of Ormond. The county was the scene of fre- 

 quent contests between the Geraldines and the Butlers. The burning 

 of the cathedral of Cashel was one of the charges brought against 

 the Earl of Kildare in his examination before the privy council (1496). 

 His reply to the charge was characteristic : " Spare your evidence," 

 said he ; "I did burn the church ; for I thought the bishop had been 

 in it." In the great civil war in 1642, Cahir, Cashel, Fethard, Clog- 

 heen, and C'loumel were all taken by Cromwell, and suffered severely. 

 In the war of the Revolution, Cloumel was abandoned by the Jaco- 

 bites on William's advance towards the south after the battle of the 

 Boyne (1690). 



The antiquities of the county consist chiefly of the ruins, more or 

 less dilapidated, of castles and monastic buildings. The Mitchelstown 

 stalactitic caverns, situated within two small hills, about 100 feet high, 

 of gray-limestone, are remarkable and beautiful natural curiosities. 

 They lie on the northern side of the Galtees Mountains, about 12 

 miles from Cahir, on the road from that town to Mitchelstown, in 

 the county of Cork. They both contain many chambers and galleries, 

 with singular stalactitic deposits, and the series called the New Caves, 

 which are connected with each other, has a length from north to 

 M.utli of 870 feet, while the breadth in an east and west direction 

 is 570 feet. 



TIl'PERARY, county of Tipperary, a market-town and the seat of 

 a Poor-Law Union, is situated on the Arra, an affluent of the river 

 Suir, and on the Waterford and Limerick road, in 52 28' N. lat, 

 ' 8' W. long., distant 23 miles W.N.W. from Clonmel, 111 miles 

 S.\V. from Dublin by road, and 110 miles by the Great Southern and 

 Western, and Limerick and Waterford railways. The population was 

 7001 in 1851. Tipperary Poor-Law Union comprises 30 electoral divi- 

 sions, with an area of 179,987 acres, and a population in 1841 of 

 76,405; in 1851 it was 60,386. The town, which is agreeably en- 

 vironed by the rich landscape of the Golden Vale of Tipperary, 

 consists of one principal street, with some branches at right angles to 

 it. It contains the pariah church, a fine cruciform building, with a 

 tower and spire 142 feet high, erected in 1830; a large Roman Catholic 

 chapel, a Presbyterian meeting-house, a classical school on Eraimus 

 Smith's foundation, two National schools, a neat market-house with a 

 news-room over it, a new court-house and jail, a dispensary, fever 

 hospital, and Union workhouse. A chalybeate spring in the neigh- 

 bourhood is much frequented in summer. A good deal of farm 

 produce is disposed of at the market. Quarter and petty sessions 

 are held in the town. Fain are held April 5th, June 24th, October 

 10th, and December 10th. A castle was built here by King John, 

 which was soon after captured by the Prince of Thomoud, one of the 

 hereditary chiefs of the neighbouring territory. 



TIPTON. [STAFFORDSHIRE.] 



TIRANO. tVALTELINA.] 



TIHHUT. [HlHDUBTAN.] 



TIRLEMONT. [BRABANT, South.] 



TIRY, or T1UEE. [HEBRIDES.] 



TIRYNS, an ancient city of Argolis, in the Peloponnesus, situated 

 in 37 40' N. lat, 41 1' E. long., on a low flat rocky hill which rises 

 out of the level plain, at no great distance from the head of the Argolic 

 Bay. According to an ancient tradition related by Strabo it was built 

 by Prcetus, an ancient king of Argolis, who in the construction of the 

 citadel employed masons from Lycia, who were called Cyclopes. The 

 Greeks attributed most architectural works which were characterised 

 by rude massiveuesa and great antiquity to the Cyclopes, and such 

 works were consequently described as Cyclopean. Homer (' Iliad.,' 

 ii. 559) calls Tiryns the ' wulled,' or perhaps the ' well-walled ' Tiryus : 

 and Pausanias (ii. 25), 1000 years after him, thus describes the remains 

 as they existed in the second century of our era : " The wall of the 

 fortification, which still remains, is the work of the Cyclopes, and is 

 built of unwrought stones, so large that not even the least of them 

 could be even moved by a pair of mules. The intervals between them 

 have been long since filled up with smaller stones, so as to make the 

 whole mass solid and compact" The entire circuit of the walls still 

 remains more or less preserved. Some of the masses of the stone are 



shaped by art, some of them are rectangular ; but them are probably 

 repairs, and not a part of the original work described by Pausanias. 

 The finest specimens of the Cyclopean masonry are near the remains 

 of the eastern gate, where a ramp, supported by a wall of the same 

 kind, .leads up to the gate. On one side of this gateway Colonel 

 Leake measured a stone of 10'6 by 3'9 by 3'6. Here the wall is 

 244 feet in thickness ; in other parts from 20 to 23 feet. 



The fortress, or citadel of Tiryns appears to have consisted of an 

 upper and a lower indenture of nearly equal dimensions, with an inter- 

 mediate platform. The southern entrance led, by an ascent to the 





left, to the upper level, and by a direct passage between the upper 

 inclosure and the eastern wall of the fortress into the lower incloaure, 

 having also a branch to the left into the middle platform, the entrance 

 into which last was nearly opposite to tho eastern gate already de- 

 scribed. There was also a postern on the western Bide. In the 

 eastern, as well as iu the southern wall, there were galleries in the 

 body of the wall of singular construction, the angle of the roof being 

 formed by merely slopiug the courses of the masonry. In the eastern 

 wall there are two parallel passages, of which the outer has six recesses 

 in the exterior wall. Of the upper inclosure very little remains. The 

 fortress itself is only a third of a mile in circumference, so that in 

 all probability it must have been no more than the citadel of the 

 Tiryuthii, the town itself being situated iu a plaiu of 200 or 300 

 yards in breadth, on the south-west of the fortress : beyond this plain 

 lies a marsh, extending a mile farther towards the sea. 



Prcetus, the reputed founder of Tiryus, was succeeded by his son 

 Megapenthes, who is said to have transferred it to Perseus. Perseus 

 transmitted it to his descendant Eleetryon, whose daughter Alcmena 

 married Amphitryon. The latter prince was expelled from Tiryus by 

 Sthenelus, kiug of Argos ; but his son Hercules recovered his inherit- 

 ance, and was in consequence called Tirynthius. (Diodorus, iv. 10; 

 Pindar, ' Olymp.,' x. 87.) From Perseus to Amphitryon, Tiryns was 

 a dependency of Mycenae. At the time of the Trojan war it seems 

 to have been subject to the kings of Argos. (' Iliad,' ii. 559.) Sub- 

 sequently it was partially destroyed by tho Argives, perhaps about 

 B.c. 468. The Tirynthian citadel was called Licymnia, from Licym- 

 nius, a son of Eleetryon, and brother of Alcmena. (Pindar, ' Olymp.,' 

 vii. 49.) 



(Leake, Morea ; Cramer, Greece; Gell, Itinerary of tltt Morca and 

 Argolii ; Dodwell, C latticed Tour.) 



TISBURY, Wiltshire, a village and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, 

 in the parish of Tisbury, is situated near tho left bank of the river 

 Nadder, in 51 4' N. lat, 2 4' W. long., distant about 28 miles W. 

 from Salisbury, and 109 miles W.S.\V. from London. The living is a 

 vicarage in the archdeaconry and diocese of Salisbury. Tisbury Poor- 

 Law Union contains 20 parishes and townships, with an area of 42,491 

 acres, and a population in 1851 of 10,181. Besides the parish church, 

 which is a spacious Norman structure, there are a chapel for Inde- 

 pendents, and National schools. Fouthill Abbey, the once celebrated 

 seat of Beckford, the author of ' Vathek,' is about two miles W. from 

 Tisbury. 



TITCH FIELD. [HAMPSHIRE.] 



TITTLE8HALL. [NORFOLK.] 



TIVERTON, Devonshire, a market-town, municipal and parlia- 

 mentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the parish of 

 Tiverton, is situated on the slope of a hill at the confluence of the 

 rivers Ex and Loman, in 60 54' N. lat, 3 39' W. long., distant 13 

 miles S. by E. from Exeter, 165 miles W.S.W. from London by road, 

 and 184 miles by the Great- Western and Bristol and Exeter railways. 

 The population of the borough of Tivertou in 1851 was 11,144. The 

 borough is governed by 6 aldermen and 18 councillors, of whom one 

 is mayor; and returns two members to the Imperial Parliament. The 

 livings are in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter. Tiverton 

 Poor-Law Union contains 27 parishes and townships, with an area of 

 106,291 acres, and a population in 1851 of 33,521. 



Tiverton is watered by a brook called the Town Leat, which 

 rises above five miles north of the town. On the west side of the 

 river Ex is a large suburb called Westex, very densely populated, 

 and principally inhabited by operatives. One of the greatest attrac- 

 tions of the town is the trout-fishing in the two rivers. The oldest 

 part of the parish church was built in 1073; the south front and 

 porch, with other portions, were rebuilt, and the whole of the church 

 new seated, in 1825. It is a noble edifice, 136 feet long, and 82 feet 

 wide ; the tower is 116 feet high. St George's Chapel is of the Doric 

 order. The Independents, Baptists, and Wesleyan Methodists 

 have places of worship. There are in Tivertou Blundell's Freo 

 Grammar school ; National schools ; a British school ; Chilcott's 

 Endowed school for boys ; a Blue-Coat school for boys, and a Blue- 

 Coat school for girls. There are several almshouses and various 

 minor charities. 



The woollen trade of Tiverton was formerly very extensive, but 

 early in the present century it yielded to the superior capabilities of 

 the Yorkshire manufacturers. The cotton manufacture was subse- 

 quently introduced, but it soon declined. The making of bobbin-net 

 introduced in 1816 is still carried on, and gives regular employment 

 to a considerable number of persons, besides temporary employment 

 to several hundred girls and women. A county court is held in the 

 town. Tuesday and Saturday are the market-days ; fairs are held on 

 the second Tuesday after Whitsuntide, and on September the 29tb. 

 A spacious market-place was erected in 1830, with a suite of rooms 

 for assemblies ; there is also a theatre. Races are held annually on 

 the Castle Meadows for two days in the month of August. 



TI'VOLI, tho ancient Ttbur, a town of the Comarca di Roma, 16 

 miles E.N.E. from Rome, is situated on the slope of a hill on the left 

 bank of the Anio, or Tevcrone, just above the spot where that river 

 falls by a succession of rapids into tho lowlands of the Campagna. 

 Tibur was a much more ancient city than Rome itself. Virgil, in 

 relating the wars, of the Latins and Rutuli against -Kueas, speaks 



