TIYOLL 



TOBAGO. 



860 



..i- rf Tlbur- Coras and Catillas, two brother! of Tiburtus, 



MU torn*** of Tibar, fought airainst AJX.S and hi Trojan 

 C4MI,' TiL, 47M71) Hiy ('Hist. Nat./ xvi. f-7) 



.% .!__ 



MttaM Urea old oak-trees, existing in hi* time, which were reported 

 .14^-1 Tiburtua, the founder of Tibur, and were consecrated 

 him. Aeeordiac to a r""P in Horace ('Od.,' L 7), they were 

 called Tiburni luooa. 1 The fane and grove of the Sibyl Albunea at 

 Tibur are celebrated by Hone* and Virgil, and her oracles were 

 awoHed frooi the otdeat timea. 



la the early part of the history of Rome Tibar U mentioned ai one 

 of the principal towna of the Latin Confederation. U stood where it 

 Mil H-r'H on the Ml bank of the Anio, which river divided the 

 Unitary of the Lalim from that of the Sabini, and it wai itrong by 

 to situation between the mounuiu and the river. It wu finally sub- 

 jected by ROOM, B.C. 837. I LATH-SI.] During the Samnite wara the 

 fr_ _ .,(, ro*A from Tibur orrr Uie Apennines to the country 

 of Ike Pelinl which wai called Via Valeria. The aqueduct* of the 

 ^Efrf Veto* and Anio Novus, and of the Aqua Matvia, which supplied 

 Home with wboleaome water, paated through the territory of Tibur, 

 ,^ at ifccjr rem ain are (till seen. The healthy and romantic situation 

 of <M* dutrict induced the wealthy Romans to construct in it hand- 

 nountry lusJilecues Scipio .Kmilionus, Metellus Numidicun, the 

 Uariua, Mjscenas, Munitiui PUucus, and Manlius Vopisous, 

 their Tiburtine villas. The families of the Mtmatii, the Cop >nii, 

 and too Plautii, which flourished at Home in the latter times of the 

 republic and under the first emperors, were from Tibur. The 

 maoauleum of the Plautii (a maative round tower) U still seen at 

 route Lnoano, a fw miles from the town on the road to Rome. 



Augustus used to visit Mtecenas at bis villa at Tibur, and Suetonius 

 ( Oetav.,' 72) mentions his holding his tribunal under the porticoes of 

 the splendid temple of Hercules, part of the cella of which is still seen 

 behind the choir of the modern cathedral, which has been partly con- 

 structed with the materials of the ancient temple. Gellius (xiz. 5) 

 Motions a public library as annexed to the temple. Horace preferred 

 Tibar to all other places of resort, and he had a country house in the 

 neighbourhood, distinct from his Sabine farm at Digentia. 



The emperor Hadrian constructed near Tibur a magnificent villa, of 

 which extensive remains are still seen. Under his reign Getulius, a 

 native of Tibur, and his wife Simphorosa, with their seven sons, being 

 converts to Christianity, suffered martyrdom. Zenobia, queen of 

 Palmyra, after her capture by Aurelian, was ordered to reside at 

 Tibur, and here she lived many years. The grammarian Nonius 

 Marcellus, who belongs to the 4th century, was a native of Tibur. 



In A.D. 43 the Ooths under Totila took Tibur, and slaughtered 

 most of the inhabitants, including the bishop. During the Lougobard 

 dominion in Italy, Tibur was included in the duchy of Rome. After 

 the Call of the Carlovingian dynasty, Tibur, like most other towns of 

 Central Italy, governed itself as a municipal community. Its territory, 

 which extended westward about half-way between Tibur and Rome, 

 embraced in the opposite direction the whole valley of the Anio as far 

 as the borders of Naples. In the 12th century the Tiburtines were 

 frequently at war with the abbots of Subloqueum, now called Subiaco, 

 who had assumed the civil jurisdiction over the upper part of the 

 valley, of which they had already acquired by various grants the ' utile 

 dominium.' In 1141 the Tiburtiues acknowledged the anti-Pope 

 and the people of Rome, who hod had frequent border 

 i with them, seized this opportunity to assail their town with 

 a considerable force. While they were trying to break open one of 

 the gates, the inhabitants turned off part of the waters of the Anio, 

 and mads them fall with overwhelming force down the declivity upon 

 the assailant*, part of whom were swept away; and the citizens, 

 sallying out at the same time, routed the remainder of the besiegers, 

 who ran away, leaving behind their tents and baggage. In the fol- 

 lowing year the people of Tibur, being threatened with another attack, 

 thought it prudent to make their peace with Pope Innocent II., and 

 Uiey swore allegiance to him, which so incensed the Romans, who 

 wore beat upon the destruction of Tibur, that they rose 

 against the pope, restored the senate, and proclaimed the republic. 

 la 1145 Pop* It genius III. took refuge at Tibur from the turbulence 

 of the Roman people. During the subsequent dissensions between 

 the emperor Frederick I. and the pope, the people of Tibur remained 

 faithful to the Utter. Frederick II., in his wars against the pope, held 

 foe a time poeseesion of Tibur. After a course of desultory warfare 

 bstHissi Rome and Tibur, a treaty was concluded and signed by the 

 Hftotratas of both towns in August, 1269, by which the city of Home 

 secured the right of sending to Tibur a count, rector, or podesta ; but 

 the judges, the captain of the militia, and the councillors of the 

 , enntlnexd to be chosen by the citizens of Tibur as here- 

 Tbe town of Tibur was to pay to the senate of Home an 

 tribute. AfUr this the people of Tibur remained attached to 

 be pope* Pope Pius 1 1. built a castle at Tivoli, which remains. 

 Tivoli U OM of the few ancient towns of Latiura which stand on its 

 l site. The temple of the Sibyl, with its Corinthian pillar*, .til 

 . > its oonnMnding position on a rock that overhangs the Valley 

 of UM Cascades ; the Umple of Hercules has been transformed into 

 oathedral ; the Roman rued, or Via Tiburtiua, traverses the town 

 the Roman bridge called Ponte Celio, or Ponticelli, is still extant 

 TW are ooMsdatable remains of the villa of Maecenas new the 



^ascatelle. A rained octagonal building, with a circular interior, 

 vulgarly called Tempio della Toase, stands outside of the Roman gate, 

 near the villa of Mwcenas. This building, according to Nibby, dates 

 rom the 4th century, and was a Christian church. On the walls are 

 still remains of paintings representing our Saviour and the lilessed 

 r'irgin. The churches of San Andrea and La Caritik date from the 

 th century. 



Tivoli is a bishop's see. It has a college, and a library of about 

 iOOO volumes ; several manufactories of iron, leather, and paper ; and 

 >300 inhabitants. The surrounding hills are covered with olive-trees, 

 rhe streets of the town are narrow and steep. Near Tivoli is thu 

 extensive Villa d'Este, constructed about the middle of the It'ith 

 century. It has all the formal magnificence of the gardens and 

 ileasure-grounds of that age : its trees cut in architectural shapes, 

 ts mosaic-like parterres, its handsome fountains and water-works, its 

 ivenue of Italian pines, and its terraces, constitute a princely 

 dance, suited to the character and style of its former owners, 

 mansion is adorned with frescoes by Kuccari and Muziano. The 

 rom the terrace before the house is magnificent. The vines of Tivoli 

 are famed for a superior sort of grape, called pizzutello and pergoiese, 

 which is much in request for the table. This grape it spok 

 >y Pliny the elder. (' Hist. Nat.', xiv. 4.) The stone commonly called 

 travertino, of which many of the buildings of Rome are built, ia dug 

 near Tivoli. 



TLALPUJAHUA. [MEXICO.] 



TU:.MSKN. [ALofeBlE.] 



TMOLUa [LYDIA.] 



TOBAOO, an island in the Columbian Archipelago, in 11 16' N. lat, 

 iO 30' W. long., is the most southern of the Caribbee Islands, and lies 

 about 25 miles N.N.E. from Trinidad, and 82 miles S.K. from Grenada. 

 Its greatest length from north-east to south-west is 32 miles; the 

 greatest breadth, 12 miles. The area is 97 square miles, or ' 

 acres, of which about 8000 acres were under cultivation in 1852. Tin 

 imputation in 1852 was 14,794, of whom 190 were whites. Scar- 

 uorougb, the capital of the island, situated at the foot of a hill, on the 

 south-east coast, has a population of about 3000. A mountainous ridge, 

 2000 feet high, at its north-eastern extremity, extends the whole 

 length of the island, descending towards the south and west in a 

 succession of conical heights and hills of DO great elevation, which are 

 separated from the coast by broken plains and lowlands. Eight rivers, 

 with numerous tributaries, water all parts of the island. The rocks 

 are chiefly limestone. The soil of the lower grounds is generally a 

 rich dark mould, which, with the climate of the island, is extremely 

 favourable to the cultivation of the sugar-cane. On both sides of the 

 island there are bays admitting vessels of from 150 to 250 tons burden ; 

 vessels of the largest size find shelter in King's B iv on the south-east 

 coast, and in the bays of Man of War, Courland, and Sandy Point, ou 

 the north-east coast. 



The climate is agreeably tempered by the sea breeze, but in the 

 less open parts the heat is oppressive, and acting on the extensive 

 marshes, produces at times much fatal sickness. The rats of inoi 

 among the white troops has been found during a serins of years to be 

 above 15 per cent., being double that of the other West India 

 islands. The climate however has considerably improved with the. 

 increase of cleared lands. At Fort King George, which occupies thu 

 summit of a hill above Scarborough, the mean temperature of thu 

 year is 79 Fahr. The hurricanes, so frequent in other West hid;:' 

 Islands, seldom reach Tobago, which however suffered considerably 

 from one of those visitations in October, 1847. The most valuable 

 productions of the island ore the sugar-cane, coffee, cotton, Indian and 

 Guinea corn, cocoa-nuts, figs, pine-apples, pomegranates, oranges, 

 lemons, bananas, grapes, tamarinds, papaws, cashew-nuts, melons, and 

 pumpkins. Potatoes, yams, onions, and cassavas are grown. Horses, 

 asses, cattle, and sheep have multiplied greatly in tho island, and wild 

 hogs are very numerous. Cultivation is confined to the low grounds 

 and a few patches on the declivity of the hills, and the chief article 

 of produce and export is sugar. 



Tobago is included in the government of the Windward Island-, 

 and its affairs are administered by a lieutenant-governor, a legislative 

 council of 9 members, and a house of assembly of 16 members. It 

 possesses nine courts of judicature. The revenue is derived from 

 import tonnage and lighthouse dues, export duties, assessed tax- 

 on income and land tax. The exports are chiefly sugar, rum, and 

 molasses, with small quantities of cotton and arrow root. 1'he imports 

 are cotton, linen, and woollen manufactures, hardware, earthenware, 

 saddlery, stationery, soap and candles, flour, fish, and lumber. In 

 1852 the revenue of the island was 74762. The colonial expenditure 

 was 76772. The value of the imports was 63,519;. The value of the 

 exports was 56,8312. The shipping inward amounted to 8172 tons; 

 the shipping outward amounted to 9296 tons. Tobago is in the diocese 

 of Barbadoes and the archdeaconry of Trinidad, and is divided into 

 three rectories, comprising five churches and chapels. The Wesleyan 

 Methodist* have five chapels, and the Moravians two. The Church 

 of Kngland has eight schools in the island ; the Wesleyan Methodists 

 have six schools ; the Moravians have two schools. 



Tobago was discovered by Columbus in 1496, and derives its name 

 from the pipe ('tobacco') used by the natives in smoking the herb 

 ' kohiba ' (tobacco). At an early period the British flag was planted 



