861 



TOBERCURRY. 



TOLEDO. 



862 



on the island, and James L granted it to the Earl of Pembroke, but 

 no attempt wag made by the English to colonise it. In 1632 the 

 Dutch formed a settlement and called the island New Walcheren, but 

 the Spaniards from Trinidad attacked and destroyed the colony. 

 Twenty years afterwards the Dutch returned, and soon after a party 

 of about 100 Courlanders arrived, the Duke of Courlaud, godson of 

 James L, having obtained a grant of the island. In 1763 it was ceded 

 by France to England. In 17S1 the French captured it In 1793 

 General Cuyler, with 2000 men, took the island ; and it has ever since 

 been a British possession. 



TOBERCURRY, or TUBBERCURRY, county of Sligo, Ireland, a 

 market-town, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated in 54 4' 

 X. lat, 8 39' \V. long., distant 21 miles S.S.W. from Sligo, and 123 

 miles W.N.W. from Dublin by road. The population in 1851 was 

 Tobercurry Poor-Law Union comprises 21 electoral divisions, 

 with an area of 125,773 acres, and a population in 1841 of 37,933 ; in 

 1851 of 26,031. The town, a small place in a bleak and craggy 

 district, contains a neat chapel of ease, built in 1830, a Roman Catholic 

 chapel, a court-house, market-house, dispensary, constabulary barracks, 

 and the Union workhouse. Petty sessions are held monthly. Fairs 

 are held aeven times a year. 

 TOBERMORY. [MULU] 

 TOBOLSK, Government of. [SIBERIA.] 



TOBOLSK, the capital of the government of Tobolsk, in Asiatic 

 Russia, is situated in 58" 12' N. lat., 63 15' E. long., at the junction 

 of the Tobol with the Irtisch, 582 feet above the level of the Caspian 

 Sea. It is divided into the upper and the lower town : the former 

 built on a hill on the east bank of the Irtisch ; the latter, which is 

 the larger, occupies the interval between the ridge and the river, and 

 is exposed to inundations. The communication between the upper and 

 lower town is by a gently rising causeway laid with planks, which is 

 practicable for carriages. At the foot of the ridge some springs issue, 

 with temperatures varying from 41-45" to 42'35" ; this temperature is 

 however much higher thau the mean temperature of the earth, which 

 is here only 35'05" Fahr. 



Tobolsk is the see of a Russian archbishop, the metropolitan of all 

 Siberia, and has a theological seminary, an establishment for the 

 education of schoolmasters, a gymnasium, and several other schools ; 

 some printing-offices, and a theatre. The only manufactures of im- 

 portance are of Russia leather ; the Russian and Tartar women make 

 linen, carpets, and woollen-cloth. There are in all twenty-three churches, 

 two mosques, and two convent*. Among the other buildings are the 

 cathedral, which is surmounted by five domes ; the archbishop's 

 palace, the palace of the governor of western Siberia, the prison, and 

 the monument of the (,'onak hero Yermak, who conquered this part 

 of Siberia for Russia in the 16th century. The population amounts 

 to 20,000, exclusive of the soldiers, the clergy, and the exiles, for 

 whom there is a house of correction. The bulk of the population is 

 composed of Russians, Tartars, and Germans. The Tartars inhabit 

 the lower town, which is defended by a ditch and palisade. The 

 upper town, or city proper, is surrounded by a strong brick wall. The 

 style of living and the manners of the upper clostes of society are 

 not very different from thote of Europe. The inhabitant* are dis- 

 tinguished for their hospitality to strangers. Game is to extremely 

 abundant in the vicinity of the city, that partridges and grouse are 

 the daily and almost necessary food of all classes. The caperoalzie, 

 or cock of the wood, is found in great numbers near the city only in 

 winter, but it u brought from the country of the Ostiaks to the north, 

 all the year round, as well as the black cock and other game. 



Though Tobolsk has no manufactures, it has a very considerable 

 transit-trade between European Russia and China. The European 

 traders arrive in the spring with the goods destined for the Chinese, 

 and at the end of summer the boat* return with their cargoes for 

 Moscow and St. Petersburg. The merchants from Tartary and 

 Bukhara arrive at the beginning of the winter, and remain at Tobolsk 

 till the spring. All the sums collected as tribute from the wandering 

 tribes <( the immense deserts are brought to Tobolsk, where there are 

 extensive magazine* for the various descriptions of goods. 



MO. [BRAZIL.] 

 TOCCO. [ABBUZZO.] 



IIYO. [VEMBZOELA.1 



T< "DDIXCJTON. [ 



TOW. [I'KRUOIA.] 



TuI>M< n:i iKN, Lancashire, a market-town and the seat of a Poor 

 Law Union, in tho paruh of Rochdale, is situated in S3 3 43' N. lat. 

 ';. long., distant 53 miles W.S.W. from Lancaster, 202 miles 

 N.\V. by N. from London by road, and 210 miles by the North 

 Western and Lancashire railways. The population of the town of 

 Todmorden in 1851 was 4532. The living is a perpetual curacy, in 

 the archdeaconry and diocese of Manchester. Todmorden Poor-Law 

 I iiin contains six townships, with an area of 34,994 acres, and a 

 population in 1551 of 29,727. 



Todmorden is situated chiefly on the left bank of the Calder River 

 winch here divide* Lancashire from Yorkshire. The town is lightec 

 with gas. The manufactures of the town are important. There are 

 several large cotton-spinning and manufacturing establishments, with 

 powerful machinery ; silk, woollen, and wonted works ; and manu 

 factories of steaia-engine* and machinery. Coal-works, chemical 



works, corn-mills, and iron- and brass-foundries, afford considerable 

 mploymeut. The old church ia now only used for reading the burial 

 erviee in. There are a modern church, and chapels for Independents, 

 iaptists, VTesleyan, Primitive, New Connexion, and Association 

 lethodUts, Inghauiites, Quakers, and Unitarians. There are a Gram- 

 mar school, National schools, au Odd Fellows' hall, and a Rechabites' 

 tail. A county court ia held iu the town. A market for corn is held 

 on Thursday, and one for meat and vegetables on Saturday ; also a 

 monthly cattle-market. Fairs are held on the Thursday before Easter 

 and on September 27th. 



TOGGENBURG. [GALL, ST.] 



TOKAT, or TOCAT, an open town of Asia Minor, situated in 40 

 ,6' N. lat, 36" 45' E. long., is inclosed by hills on three sides, the 

 only opening being to the north-east. A small stream runs through 

 .he town in the same direction, which joins the Tokat-Su (ancient 

 Iris) a little below the city. The houses are built in some instances 

 with unburnt bricks, but the greater part are merely wooden sheds, 

 all are covered with tiles, and none of the roofs are fiat The streets 

 are paved, but filthy, narrow, and, from the eaves of the houses nearly 

 meeting overhead, very gloomy. Still some of the edifices are of 

 food size, and parts of the town are tolerably neat for a Turkish 

 city. Fires are frequent in Tokat The luxuriant vegetation of the 

 gardens in and near the town, the filthiuess of the streets, and the 

 ibundance of fruit, occasion malignant fevers in summer and autumn. 

 Tokat is under the Bey of Sivas. It contains about 6730 families, 

 chiefly Mussulmans and Armenians. An Armenian bishop resides 

 tare, who has under him 7 churches and 30 priests. The place 

 has lost much of its former commercial importance, and the import 

 trade is now limited tj supplying the local consumption of the 

 neighbouring villages. There are extensive cotton-dyeing and printing 

 establishments; the cloths ore partly those of the country, partly 

 British calicoes and muslins. Copper from the mines of Arghana is 

 brought to Tokat to be refined ; and there arc manufactures of the 

 raw silk brought from Amasia aud other places. 



TOKAY, an ill-built town in Upper Hungary, on the river Bodrog, 

 at its confluence with the Theias, contains 4500 inhabitants. It is 

 situated in 48 7' N. lat, 21" 25' E. long., at the foot of the Hegyalla, 

 a chain of hills which is about 30 miles in length, and about 700 feet 

 above the level of the sea. The whole of it, to the height of 

 260 feet, ia planted with vines, which Bela IV. had brought to Hungary 

 by Italian colonists. At the foot of tho several vineyards of the 

 Uegyalla the places are situated, the inhabitants of which are 

 employed in the cultivation of the vine : the wines of Tally a, Tarczal, 

 Xombor, Tollsva, and Mad, all which are in the neighbourhood of 

 Tokay, are considered as the best. The whole annual produce is 

 estimated at three to four millions of wine gallons. AU thu.se wines 

 of the Uegyalla are comprehended under the name of Tokay. 



Tokay, though a small town, is a place of considerable trade, not 

 only a* being the centre of the wino trade, but likewise having great 

 magazines of salt, which is exported to all 'parts of tbe kingdom 

 The annual fairs are much frequented. 



TOLEDO, Province of. [CAMILLA LA NOKVA.] 



TOLEDO, a city of Spain, capital of the modern province of Toledo, 

 in Castilla U Kueva, is situated on the north bank of tbe Togus, in 

 89 52' N. lat, 4* W. long, 42 miles S.S.W. from the city of Madrid. 

 It is the see of an archbishop, who is primate of all Spain. The 

 population in 1845 was 13,431. 



The city of Toledo stands on a rocky eminence, nearly surrounded 

 by tho deep and narrow channel in which the Tagus flows, and is pro- 

 tected by a Moorish wall on the north or land side. The Tagus is 

 here crossed by two fine stone bridges. The bridge of Alcantara was 

 built by the Moors, and is a noble work, consisting of a single arch, 

 which spans the whole stream, and affords a fine view of the river 

 flowing far below, and of the castle, which stands on an eminence 

 above. The street* are very narrow and crooked. Tho houses, which 

 are mostly built in the Moorish style, have generally only one or two 

 stories, and the apartments are arranged round a court. In this 

 court, which is frequently ornamented with a fountain and flowers, 

 and over which an awning is thrown, the family usually sit in summer- 

 time. Tbe principal square is planted with trees and furnished with 

 seats, and is much frequented as a promenade. The environs of the 

 city are bare and unproductive, but the neighbouring mountains 

 contain some green valleys, where the wealthy inhabitants have their 

 country-houses. 



The cathedral is one of the largest and finest in Spain. It stands 

 on the site of the Moorish mosque, and the foundations were laid in 

 1253 by Fernando III. of Costilla, and Uodrigo Ximenez, at that time 

 archbishop of Toledo. It consists of five naves, and measures 404 

 feet in length and 204 feet in width. The naves ore supported by 

 84 colossal pillars, and the whole church it paved with white and blue 

 marble. The architecture is of different periods and of different styles, 

 but is for the most part of early gothic. The double clerestories pro- 

 duce an effect of singular lightness and elegance, and every window 

 is filled with painted glau of the richest colours. Several of the 

 chapel* are exceedingly beautiful, and contain interesting monuments 

 of kings and queens and other distinguished persons. The cathedral 

 of Toledo was formerly celebrated for its jewels and its silver and 

 gold ornaments, but most of them disappeared during the Peninsular 



