TOLKtXX 



TOFPEBSFIELD. 



War, Mtd UM rest haw since bm diseased of by the HWHMMMt 

 iMUliit to UM cathedral is Ui archbishop's palace, which contain. a 

 wry IB* library rich la old manuaoripU. 



MM UM cathedral, there rr several churches and conventual 

 taMtavi of >M golhic architecture ; and then are aUo tome inter 

 eating strnotaree of Mooriah architecture. The convent and church 

 of SMI Juan de lot Royte was built in 1470 by Fernando and Isabel 

 in eommenoratiun of th victory gained over the Portuguese at Toro 

 in that yr. At a Utcr period, UM chaini and fetters which bad been 

 i by the Christian captives of Honda and Oranada were, after th< 



taking of the latter city in 1492, impended to the outaide wnlU of thii 

 MUbg. where they are (till to be aeao. The church and the cloister, 

 bvOt in UM richer gothic, are partiouUrly admired. The founJliug 

 noapiul of Santa Crua, founded by Cardinal Mendoia in 1304-that 

 of 84. John the Baptist, called aUo Kl HoipiUl de Afucn, because it 

 I ouUide the city wall., built and richly endowed by Cardinal 

 an Juan de U Penitencia, which is a foundation of Cardinal 

 -re all well worthy of inspection. La Iglcsia del Transito, 

 waa formeriy a Jowuh synagogue, built during the reign of 

 UM Cruel, at the expeoM of hia treasurer, Samuel Levi, is a 

 eoriooi SMcimen of Saracenic architecture. The church called Santa 

 Maria la Blanca wa once a Mooriah mosque. 



The Alcsjur, or royal palace, itanda on an eminence, at the foot of 

 which flows the Tagu*. It wa* built by Alfonso X. on the site of the 

 Mooriah palaoe, and waa almost entirely rebuilt by Carlos V., who 

 employed the best Spanish architects of his time. His son, Felipe II., 

 made also considerable additions to it, which were prinicpally directed 

 by his chief architect Herrera. At present it ia in a very dilapidated 

 state. The court-yard, with its pillars and vaulted corridors, and the 

 double staircase, are in a ruinous and neglected condition. The view 

 from the top is very extensive, showing the whole of the city, the 

 course of the river, and the brown waste of undulating ground which 

 surrounds the city. 



Toledo has a university, four colleges, several hospitals and asylums, 

 a town-hall, and a mint. The Fabrica de Annas, where the famous 

 awards of Toledo were and are still manufactured, is on the bank 

 of the Tagna, about 2 miles S.W. from the city. Only some 70 or 80 

 workmen are now employed, but the fine temper, polish, and elasticity 

 of the bladrs, are as perfect as in the times of their highest repu- 

 tation. Other manufactures are coarse woollens, paper, guitar-strings, 

 common glass, and leather. 



Toledo is a very ancient city. It was the Toletum of the Romans, 

 and portions of walls and on amphitheatre built by them still remain. 

 It waa taken by the Ooths in the year 467, and by the Moors in 714. 

 Under the Moon it became a city of the first class, second only to 

 Cordova, the capital of the Mohammedan empire. It was taken by 

 Alfonso VI., king of Castilla and Leon, in May 1085. It became 

 afterwards a very flourishing city, and bad at one time a population of 

 200,000, and contained, besides the cathedral, 20 parish churches, 

 other churahes, 9 chapels, 3 colleges, 14 convents, 23 nunneries, and 

 10 hospitals. 



(Madoz, Iticcionario Geographico de Etpaiia; Ford, Handbook of 



. 



TOLEDO, U.S. [OHIO.] 

 TOLENTINO. (MACKRATA.] 

 TOLLESBURY. [ESSEX.] 

 TOLLESHUNT D S ARCY. 

 TOLMEZZO. [UDINK.] 

 TOLQSA. [BASO.UE PROVINCES.] 

 TOLUCA. [MEXICO.] 

 TOMABZOW. [POLAND.] 

 TOMBIOBKK, RIVER. [ALABAMA.] 



TOMSK. [SIBERIA.] 



TONBRIUOE, or TUNBRIDQE, Kent, a market-town and the 

 eat of a I'oor-Law Union, in the pariah of Tonbridge, is situated 

 chiefly on the left bank of the river Medway, in 51" 12' N. lat, 10' 

 L long., distant 13 miles S.W. from Maidatone, 30 miles S.E. from 

 London by road, and 41 miles by the London and South-Eastern rail- 

 way. The population of the town of Tonbridgo in 1851 was 4539. 

 The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry of Maidstone and diocese 

 of Canterbury. Tonbridgo Poor- Law Union contains 10 parishes and 

 townships, with an area of 40,179 acres, and a population in 1851 of 



,'? *^* *"" ' the Conqueror n castle was built at this place by 

 Richard FiU-Gilbert, afterwards earl of Clare; and the town rose 

 under the protection of the castle. In the civil troubles of the reign 

 Henry III. the castle waa besieged and taken from its owner, Gilbert 

 ifaa, earl of Clare, Gloucester, and Hertford, by Prince Edward. 

 Daring UM siege the garrison burnt the town. There was a priory at 

 Tonbndge, founded by Hichard de Clare, first earl of Hertford/for 

 St. Augustine. The town consists chiefly of one street, which 

 road, and lighted with gas. There are several bridges over the 

 Iway, which u navigable for banes up to this point, and is here 



i!^.^* T 10 "* Nelr * Principal bridge is a wharf, 



benee the Umber brought from the Weald is sent down the Medway! 



church u a large and handsome fabric, in various styles of archi- 



teeter.. The Independent*, Baptist*, and Wcsleyan Methodist* have 



if worship. There are a well-endowed Free Grammar school 



in the management of the Skinners' Company ; National and Infant 

 schools ; a mechanics institute ; a literary and scientific institution, 

 with reading-room and library ; a savings bank ; and some almshouses. 

 The town-ball and the market-house are pood buildings. The market 

 i- lul<) on the first and third Tuesdays in each month, and a fair on 

 October llth. The trade of the town is in coal and timber brought 

 from Maidstone for the supply of the neighbourhood; gmipov, !. r 

 ami fancy wooden wares (called Tonbridge wares, from the town) arc 

 made to a small extent. The ruins of the castle, which are near one 

 of the bridges, consist of the gate-house, flanked with round towers, 

 and tolerably perfect, and of the artificial mound on which the keep 

 stood : the outer walls inclosed an area of six acres. 



TONBRIDGE (or TUNBRIDGE) WELLS, Kent, a fashionable 

 watering-place and market-town, is situated in 51 7' N. lit, 15' 

 E. long., distant 18 miles S.W. by S. from Maidstone, 36 miles S.S.E. 

 from London by road, and 46 miles by the Hastings branch of the 

 London and South-Eastern railway. The population of the town in 

 18S1 was 10,587. The living is n perpetual curacy in the archdeaconry 

 of Maidstone and diocese of Canterbury. 



The chalybeate spring, to which the town of Tonbridge Wells owes 

 its origin, was first noticed in the reign of James I., when tho wells 

 were sunk and inclosed, but the visitors lodged at Toubridge town, 

 six miles distant The soil is dry, and the air of the place is healthy, 

 though somewhat cold. When Henrietta, queen of Charles I., visited 

 the Wells, she and her suite remained under tents. Permanent 

 habitations were subsequently erected in the immediate vicinity of th,- 

 Wells. After the Restoration the place rapidly increased. A chapel 

 was built at Tonbridgo Wells dedicated to King Charles the Martyr ; 

 a subscription school was established, and an assembly-room, coffee- 

 house, bowling-greens, and other places of amusement, were erected 

 in the neighbourhood. The Wells, properly so called, are in the. 

 centre of the town, and near them are the markets, the chapel, the 

 assembly-rooms, and the public walks or parades. The town-hall is a 

 commodious building. Different groups of houses, forming boundaries 

 of the town, are distinguished by the names of Mount Zion, Mount 

 Ephraim, Mount I'leasant, and Bishop's Down. Trinity church is a 

 handsome stone building, erected in 1829. Christchurcb is a new 

 gothic edifice. There is also an Episcopal chapel. The Roman 

 Catholics, Wesleyan Methodists, Baptists, Independents, and tin- 

 Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, have places of worship. There 

 are a Church of England Proprietary school ; National, British, and 

 Infant schools ; a literary and scientific institute ; a useful knowledge 

 society ; several libraries ; an infirmary and dispensary ; and a savings 

 bank. A corn and general market is held on Friday. Horse-races ar 

 held annually. A horticultural society holds several exhibitions in the 

 course of the year. Toubridge Wells is famous for toys and small 

 articles turned in holly, plum-tree, cherry-tree, sycamore, and various 

 foreign woods, known as Tonbridge ware. 

 TONGA ISLANDS. [FRIENDLY ISLANDS.] 

 TONNEINS. [LOT-ET-GAROJJNK] 

 TONNERRE. [YoNNE.] 

 TONNINGEN. [SCHLESWIG.] 

 TONQUIN. [COCHIN-CHINA.] 

 TONSBERO. [AGOKRHUUS.] 

 TOOIUNSK. [SIBERIA.] 

 TOOTING. [SURREY.] 

 TOPCLIFFE. [YORKSHIRE.] 



TOPLITZ, a town in Bohemia, celebrated for its warm sulphureous 

 springs, is situated in 50 38' N. lat, 13 50' E. long. The name is 

 Slavonian, and given by the Bohemians and Crontians to warm spring.* 

 in general. This small town, which has not above 2800 inhabits 

 situated on a stream called the Saubacl), in a beautiful plain or valley 

 "our leagues in length and one league in breadth, formed by th.' 

 Erzgebirge and the Mittelgebirge. The town forms an irregular <ju:id 

 rangle, is about half a league in circuit, and has three gates. The 

 principal buildings arc 1, the palace of Prince Clary, to whom the 

 wn belongs, with an extensive garden and park open to the public, 

 .n which there is a ball-room and a pretty theatre ; 2, the church of 

 St. John the Baptist; 3, the town-hall, built in 1806 ; 4, the Chapel 

 of the Cross, outside of one of the gates. The town is connected by 

 a row of handsome houses with the village of ScLonau. There are 

 several springs both in the town and in Schcinau, each of which sup- 

 plies several public and private baths distributed in different establish- 

 ments. " The quantity of water which the principal spring yields," 

 i-ays Dr. Granville, "is one million one hundred and eighty-nine 

 thousand six hundred and seventy cubic inches in an hour." The 

 temperature of these springs is 113 to 119 Fahrenheit in T6plit2; 

 n Schiiuau 101 to 104". The hot springs of Tiiplitx ure very beno- 

 icial in cases of suppressed gout, chronic rheumatism, diseases of the 

 oints, contracted limbs, old wounds, obstinate cutaneous eruptions, 

 and paralytic affections. The waters have been used almost exclusively 

 or bathing ; of late they have been recommended and used internally. 

 There are about 90 bathing establishments, many of which are fine 

 'uildings. The Austrian and Prussian governments have erected 

 military hospitals. Between 10,000 and 20,000 visitors, including 

 sometimes imperial and royal personages, visit Twplitz in the autumn. 

 Gaming in Toplitz is wholly prohibited. 

 TOPPEKSKIELD. [Essw.] 



