8*5 



TOPSHAM. 



TORINO. 



838 



TOPSHAM, Devonshire, a maiket-town and seaport, in the parish 

 of Topsbam, is situated on tlie left bank of the river Ex, at the 

 junction of the diet, in 50 41' N. lat., 3 28' W. long., distant about 

 3 miles S.E. from Exeter, and 170 miles W.S.W. from London by 

 road. The population of the town of Topsham in 1851 was 2717. 

 The living is a perpetual curacy in the archdeaconry and diocese of 

 Exeter. 



Topsham was anciently called Apsham, or Apsom. The town 

 extends about a mile along the bank of the Ex, with a quay at 

 the lower end. The parish church is situated in the middle of the 

 town, on a lofty cliff which rises abruptly from the river. In the 

 church are monuments by Chantrey in memory of Admiral Sir J. 

 T. Duckworth, and of his son, Colonel George Duckworth. The 

 Wesleyan Methodists, Independents, and Unitarians have places of 

 worship. There are National schools partly endowed. Topsham has 

 a email coasting-trade, and likewise imports Baltic and American 

 timber. Ship-building, and the manufacture of anchors, cables, and 

 cordage, are earned on. The market is held on Saturday; and a fair 

 on the first Wednesdav in- August 



TORBAY. [DEVONSHIRE.] 



TOROAU. [MERSEBUBG.] 



TOIUGXY. [MANCHE.] 



T( >l;rNO, an administrative division of Piedmont, is bounded K by 

 the province of Ivrea, AV. by the Cottian Alps which divide it from 

 France, S. by the provinces of Saluzzo and Alba, and E. by those of 

 Asti and Vercelli. The division comprises the province of Torino, 

 Pigncrol, and SuEa.the area and population of which arc as follows: 



The province of Torino extends on both banks of the Po, and 

 along the watercourses of the Dor Itipuaria, the Sangoue, the lesser 

 Stura, the Oreo, and other streams which come from the Alps and 

 flow into the Po. The valley of Lanzo, north-west of Turin, which 

 is drained by the lesser Stura, and reaches to the foot of Mount 

 Jseran, which divides it from Savoy, is one of the finest and most 

 picturesque districts in Piedmont. It supplies Turin with cattle and 

 the produce of the dairy. It has also mines of iron and other 

 minerals. 



The principal towns, besides the capital, are the following : Cltitri, 

 a well-built town of 12,000 inhabitant*, situated on the hills of 

 Monferrato, 6 mile* E. from Turin, hu several churches and convents 

 with good paintings, nnd some noblemen'* palaces, and a very fruitful 

 territory. It i* one of the chief market* for silk in Piedmont. 

 Moncalicri, on the rit-ht bank of the Po, S. of Turin, on the high 

 road to Alexandria and Genoa, has a royal palace, and 7300 inhabit- 

 ants. Cariynano, a town of 7000 inhabitants, in a fertile plain on 

 the left bank of the Po, 1 1 mile* 8. from Turin, on the high road to 

 Nicr. Carmagnola, on the right bank of the Po, has 12,000 inhabit- 

 ant*, and is a great market for silk. Chirauu, a town of 7000 inhabit- 

 ants, on the left bank of the Po, near the confluence of the river 

 12 mile* N.K from Turin, on the high road to Milan, in a 

 plain abounding with corn and cattle. Jtirurolo, in the valley of the 

 Oreo, has 5000 inhabitants. 1'uirinn, on the road to Alessandria, ha* 

 .habitant*. The province of Turin ix very fertile and thickly 

 inhabited. It is Invented by several railroad* which connect the 

 c.ipitnl with Genoa, Cuneo, Pignerol, and Sura. 



The province of Pignerol comprises the south-western part of the 

 n, and lies between the Po and the Cottian Alps, brunches of 

 which also bound it on the north and sonth. In the south-east of 

 the province are some level plains, but the great* r part of the surface 

 i.t* deep valleys screened by lofty ridges, covered partly with 

 tine forest timber. The chief product* are whtat, maize, fruit, good 

 wine, chestnut*, and silk. Horned-cattle are numerous and of good 

 breed. The province is traversed by the C'lusone, feeder of the 

 !'; their confluence a on the eastern border between Villa-Franca 

 and Carmagnola. The chief town, Pignerol, or Pinerolo, is situated 

 on the Clnsone, at the foot of the Alps, about 20 miles S.W. from 

 Turin, with which it is connected by railway. It is a walled-town 

 with a noble square, a fine cathedral, several churches and convent*, 

 large barracks, and a population of about SOOO. The principal manu- 

 factures are broadcloth, paper, leather, iron, and silk. 



The province of Susa is noticed under SCRA. 



liiella, which has been referred to Torino, forms port of the 

 administrative division of VERCKU.I. 



IH'SO, TUKI'N, the capital of Piedmont, residence of the 

 King of Sardinia, and place of meeting of the national parliament, is 

 ituate.l in 45' u' N. hit., T" 44' E. long., on the left bank of the Po 

 (which here runs in a northern direction), and at the confluence of 

 puaria, in a wide and fertile valley, between the lower offsets 

 i the Cottian Alps on tl:c west, and the hill* of Monferrato, v.hicli 



GKOO. DIV. VOL. IT. 



rise immediately above the right bank of the Po. The valley opens 

 to the north-east into the wide plain of Lombordy. The population 

 of the city is about 140,000. 



Turin is one of the most regularly -built towns in Europe; most of 

 the streets being in straight lines and intersecting each other at right- 

 angles, and the squares being also of a regular form. The streets are 

 washed during the night by water drawn from the Dora. The 

 buildings, though massive and lofty, are, generally speaking, plain, 

 chiefly built of brick, nnd their appearance is uniform and monoto- 

 nous. The town is about one mile and a quarter in length, and little 

 more than half a mile in its greatest breadth ; it was formerly sur- 

 rounded by ramparts, which have been razed of late years, and 

 additional buildings and promenades have been constructed in their 

 place, nnd the city is still extending beyond its former limits. The 

 citadel, which is regularly constructed, and one of the strongest in 

 Italy, lies outside of the town to the westward. The principal streets 

 of Turin are those leading to the four entrances of the town, which 

 are Porta del Po, on the road to Alessandria and Genoa; Porta 

 Susina, on the western or Mont Cenis road; Porta Nova, on the 

 southern road to Saluzzo and Nice ; and Porta Vittoria, leading to 

 Ivrea, Vercelli, Novara, and the other northern provinces. Several 

 of the principal street* and squares are lined with arcades. 



The principal square is the Piazza Castello, in the centre of the 

 town, eo called from an old castle, or palace, which stands in the 

 middle of it, and which was formerly the residence of the dukes of 

 Savoy. It has a handsome facade, ornamented with sculptures. The 

 northern side of the square is formed by the modern royal palace, a 

 vast structure, with gardens at the back of it : the apartments are 

 handsome, and contain a rich collection of Flemish and Italian paint- 

 ings and a library. Adjoining to the palace is the cathedral of San 

 Giovnnni Battista, with the annexed handsome rotunda chapel, Del 

 Sudario, cased with black marble, and adorned with gilt bronzes. On 

 the eastern side of the square is the great theatre, one of the largest 

 and finest in Italy, constructed by the architect Alfieri. Another 

 remarkable building of Turin is the University, built by king Victor 

 Amadeus at the beginning of the 18th century. It is a fine building, 

 with a spacious court, surrounded by arcades, which are lined with 

 ancient bassi-rilievi, and inscriptions fixed in the walls. The library 

 of the university contains above 112,000 volumes and about 2000 

 manuscript*. The Gallery of ancient Statues contains many remark- 

 able object* of ancient art. The Cabinet of Medals, one of the i 

 in Kurope, contains 30,000 pieces. The Egyptian Museum, which is 

 in the building of the Royal Academy of Sciences, is one of the 

 richest collection* of the kind in Europe. It contains among 

 other* the colossal statue of Osymandyas, 15 feet high; those of 

 Thothmea II. and of Amunoph II. : and that of Remeses II., or 

 Sesoctri*, which is considered one of the handsomest specimens of 

 Egyptian sculpture; a collection of Egyptian paintings on stone, a 

 quantity of utensils, articles of dresa and ornaments, numerous 

 mummies, and a vast collection of papyri and manuscripts on liucu, 

 found in the catacombs of Thebes : among others, a funeral ritual, ''><> 

 fcut in length; and the fragment* of a chronological table of tho 

 dynasties of the king* of Egypt previous to the 18th dynasty. 



The University consist* of five faculties divinity, law, medicine, 

 surgery, and art*. There ore also belonging to the University a 

 museum of natural history, a museum of anatomy, a chemical labora- 

 tory and hydraulic apparatus, and a rich botanical garden at the 

 Valentino, outside of the town, near the banks of the Po. The 

 lioyal Academy of Science* consist* of forty members, besides non- 

 resident and corresponding member* : it is divided into two classes, 

 mathematical and physical sciences, and moral, historical, aud philo- 

 logical sciences. The academy, which was instituted in 1783, has 

 published many volumes of memoirs. 



Turin has also an observatory, an academy of the fine arts, a 

 philharmonic academy, a royal agricultural so'ciety, and a military 

 college. There are communal schools, divided into classes, in each 

 district of the town ; and also schools for drawing applied to the 

 mechanical arts ; aud schools for the deaf and dumb and the blind. 

 Turin has also a great number of well managed charitable institutions, 

 and a monte di-pieta, which lends money to the poor without interest 

 upon pledge. 



Turin is an archbishop's see, whose province extend* over tho 

 see* of Alba, Acqui, Asti, Cuneo, Fossano, Mondovl, Ivrea, Pinerolo, 

 Saluzzo, and Susa. The metropolitan diocese contains the chapter* 

 of Turin, Idoncalieri, Kivoli, Chieri, Carmagnola,' Sandalmazzo, Gia- 

 veno, aud Snvigliano ; and the clerical seminaries, or college* of 

 Turin, Giaveno, Bra, and Chieri. The archbishop formerly had a 

 court for ecclesiastical suit* ; but by recent legislation these institu- 

 tion* have been suppressed in Piedmont, and the clergy made amenable 

 to the common law tribunals of the country. 



Turin contains a great number of churches, few of which are 

 remarkable for their external architecture. The most worthy of 

 notice are those of San Filippo Neri; the Consolata; the Corpus 

 Domini, which is very richly decorated ; Santa Teresa ; Santa Cristina ; 

 La Trinita ; and San Carlo Borromeo. There are numerous convents 

 and nunneries ; but these by a recent law have been all suppressed, 

 with the exception of those belonging to order* such as the Brother* 

 of the Christian Schools, the Sister* of Charity, and a few others, 



3 K 



