TORtOU. 



TORQUAY. 



in work* of aetiv* benevolence, la th* 

 ^ea UM tifat balk of UM Po, haiag th. l.ndg.. U th. fin* 

 ^oT Dsila Uran Madr- di Dio. raUed by the municipality of 

 V ta aM*iy of UM r-4oratk* of UM dvr-Myof Savoy, in 1 M t. 

 It u aa IstiMll-r of UM Paata*oa of Boat* : U it oaaed with rouble, 

 Ma adorned with marbU pillar*. Higher up on th* hill i* th* 

 ftjllllll church aad convent Del Monte, beautifully situated, and 

 J0ina tpUadid TOW of th* plain of Turin, the town, and the 

 riwr. aad of UM er**e*at of UM snow-capped Alps, from the lofty 

 pyramid of Mont Vl*o oa UM w*t, to UM pioturwqu* group of 

 {teal* Koea on th. north-eart. On a higher bill on th* eame aide of 

 UM Po, but farther aorUt, about 2000 feet above the am, and fi 

 auU. from Turin, is th. Royal Baailica of U Superga (super terga 

 Bontitun), ~M* A> C UM tomb, of th. prince* of the hoiue of Savoy. 

 It i* a handaocn* .trocture; it* lofty dome is ***n at a great distance, 

 awl M UM first obi*ct that strike* th* traveller on approaching Turin. 

 Every year, oa UM Sth of September, a great festival take* place at 

 Supenra high maas is performed, at which th* court generally 

 attend*, and mnltitodes from Turin and the country around repair to 

 UM apo*. A handsome Protestant church has been recently o|-ned 

 k Turin. 



Th. manufacture* of Turin consist chiefly of woollens, silks, 

 aoaiwy, iMther, paper, ehinaware, carriages, arms, anil tapestry. 



Turin has several theatres, beside* the royal theatre already men- 

 1 : the theatre of Carignano, for the opera; the theatre d'An- 

 , for dramatic pieces unaccompanied by music ; and the new 

 ... Th* ooffee-houaos of Turin are numerous. Beside, the 

 buildings already mentioned may be named as worthy of notice the 

 palace of Carignano, tii* palace Bingo di Borgaro, and that of the 

 Marquis d* Pric". The royal country-house, called Yigna della 

 Regina U a pretty villa finely situated on the hill on the right bank 

 of the Po. Th* royal hunting pake* and park of Stupinigi, 4 miles 

 from Turin, an very fine ; the palace was begun by Giuvara, and 

 enlarged by Alfieri, the architect At La Veneria, onoe a royal 

 leaiileniM. about 8 miles north of Turin, is the royal riding-school, stud, 

 aad veterinary college. Tho ICing of Sardinia has also palaces at 

 Moaeali*ri, on the south side of the Po, about 6 miles from Turin, 

 and at Rivoli, 10 milet from the capital, on the high rood to Susa and 

 Moat Cenis; besides the royal palaces of Chambery and Genoa, 

 which be UM. when he visit, those parts of his dominions. 



Turin ii connected by railways with Genoa, Alessandria, Novara, 

 Cnneo, Pignerol, and Susa ; and by electro-telegraphic wire, with all 

 UM chief town, of Europe. Diligence* and post-coaches, called 

 veiociferi, run between the capital and the provincial towns that do 

 not lie on any of the railway lines. The common language of con- 

 venation among the native, is the harsh Piedmoutose dialect; but 

 Italian i* the written and official language, and educated people speak 

 both Italian and French. The climate of Turin is colder in winter 

 than that of Genoa or Rome. 



The ancient Taurini were a tribe of the Ligurcs, who inhabited 

 UM country between the Po and the Cottian Alps. They were the 

 ant people whom Hannibal met after descending the Alps, and he 

 took their town by force previous to advancing to the Ticinus. (Livy, 

 "< 59.) They and the other Ligurians north of the Apennines were 

 subdued by the Romans about B.C. 166. Augustus sent a Roman 

 colony to the town of the Taurini, which then took the name of 

 A*y**ta Taurinonm. Under the Ix>ngobardg Turin was the head 

 town of a duchy : under the Carlovingians it gave came to a county 

 of considerable extent and importance. In the 10th century Odelric 

 Manfrcdi was count of Turin, us marquis of Italy. His daughter the 

 narohiooaa* Adelaide married Oddo, count of Maurienne, and from 

 this merriag* UM nous* of Savoy derives its origin. [SARDINIAN 

 STATES.] During the war of the investitures Turin gained a kind of 

 bdependeao*, but in th* early part of the 12th century the emperor 

 Lotitariu* reduced it again to subjection ; and appointed a count for 

 iu political governor. Th* emperor Frederick I. made over, in 1159, 

 to rharlea. buhop of Turin, all hi* imperial right, over that town and 

 UM territory for ten miles round. The bishops and commune of 

 Turin remained for about a century after this independent of, often at 

 variance whh, the count* of Savoy, who at last aseerted again their 

 eunrainty over the town and the right of appointing its chief magis- 

 trate. From that tim* the hUtory of Turin is merged into that of 

 UM dyaasty of Savoy, whose permanent residence it became ultimately. 



TuKNKA KI.F. [Burn MA.] 



TollO. JL*..] 



: iNTu. , roviaoe of Canada, North America, an incorporated 

 city aad th* capital of Canada West, is situated in the Home District, 

 about 40 miles from the bead of Lake Ontario, on its northern 

 bore, in 4' 86' N. Ut. T % 20' W. long., distant 390 mile* aw. 

 by W. from Montreal, 660 mil*. &W. from Quebec. The city is 

 governed by tea aldermen and ten councillors, on* of whom is 

 mayor; aad retaras two Bcmben to th* provincial parliament 



ThM nntTaailal 1 1 i**u W*U 1200 ID 1 HIT ' in 1 AftA it w em^tama* t .,-,.. .. 



Th* city of Toronto occupir* a low and gently-rising site, fronting 

 a fine ly. aad extends nearly three miles along shore, and nbovei 



mile inland, the streets intersecting each other at right angles. Many 

 of the houses are neat frame buildings, the greater number ar* of 

 jrick, and there are tome superior atone structures. The streets are 

 wrll paved and lighted with gas, and there is a plentiful supply of 

 good water from wells. Tlio cathedral church of St. Qeorge was 

 destroyed by fire in 1849, and baa been rebuilt. Trinity church is a 

 spacious structure of brick, erected by means of a donation from an 

 KnglUli gentleman, in order to provide free sittings for the poor. 

 31 Paul's church is a handsome gotliic structure with a lofty slender 

 spire. The Koman Catholic cathedral is a vast and richly-finished 

 brick pile, having attached a handsome residence for the bishop. 

 The Endowed Scotch church is a small wall-built structure, with a 

 turret ; the Free Scotch church is a fine brick edifice, with a lofty 

 well-proportioned spire; the United Presbyterian church, built iu 

 1849, at a cost of 25002., is a handsome gotliic structure of brick, 

 with a tower aud octagonal turret 80 feet high. There arc two 

 Independent and two Methodist churches; one Reformed Presby- 

 terian, one Baptist, one Primitive Methodist, and one African Methodist 

 church. The educational institutions are the University of Toronto ; 

 the Upper Canada College, an excellent classical seminary, gup]>l>- 

 mentary to the district Grammar schools; the Normal and Model 

 schools and education offices for Upper Canada; the Episcopal col- 

 lege; the Free church college for general tuition and theological 

 training; the United Presbyterian and Independent Divinity halls; 

 and the common schools of the city district*. There is a mechanics 

 institute in the city. The government house is a handsome brick 

 mansion, in a well-planted inolosure; the halls of the Legislative 

 Council and Legislative Assembly, a brick edifice, consisting of a 

 centre and wings, occupy a terrace fronting the bay; the court-house 

 is a plain building in the centre of the town ; an elegant stone struc- 

 ture, containing the town-hall and assembly-rooms, has been recently 

 erected on the site of one destroyed by fire ; 0*good Hal), comprising 

 law-courts and lecture-rooms, is a handsome Grecian structure of 

 stone, occupying a spacious square adjoining the University grounds; 

 the jail is a substantial building of granite on the radiating ]>i u ; 

 the hospital, the market, the mechanics hall, and the custom-houso 

 are respectable brick buildings. The old barracks are at the west 

 end of the town on the shore of the bay, and about a mile farther the 

 new barracks, or garrison, form an extensive group of buildings at a 

 point where a regular battery has been constructed to command the 

 entrance to the harbour. At a short distance inland from the gar- 

 rison is the Provincial Lunatic Asylum. 



The harbour of Toronto is formed by a long flat strip of land called 

 the Island, extending from the east side of the town in a south- 

 westerly direction about six miles, and terminating in Gibraltar 1'oint, 

 on which there U a lighthouse. The bay, which is about a mile and 

 a half wide, is entered by a channel near the northern shore. There 

 are several wharfs and landing piers, lined in some places with exten- 

 sive storehouses. Toronto is the centre of the wholesale trade to an 

 extensive back country, from which a large proportion of the exported 

 grain and flour is shipped at the harbour. Schooners, sloops, an 1 pro- 

 pellers ply between the port and Odwego, Rochester, Niagara, Hamil- 

 ton, and the other places on Lake Ontario, and ascend to the upper 

 lakes. Propellers convey great quantities of flour to Montreal, and 

 some proceed as far as Halifax or Nova Scotia. Mail and passenger 

 steamers sail daily across the lake, up to Hamilton and down the St. 

 Lawrence to Montreal. There ore in the city a brewery, a foundry, 

 and a considerable establishment for the manufacture of furniture 

 by machinery. Extensive nurseries are in the neighbourhood, aud 

 some flour-mills are on the Don, a .mall river which flows from the 

 north, and has a marshy outlet at the head of the bay. 



Toronto has been since 1849, alternately with Quebec, for a period 

 of four years, the residency of the governor of the province and the 

 seat of the legislature. It contains the supreme courts of law for 

 Canada West, the courts of Queen's Boucb, of Common Pleas, and 

 Chancery, besides the assize courts for the district, and mayor and 

 police courts. The city is for the most part remarkably healthy, and 

 the extremes of temperature ore seldom oppressive. The mean i> m- 

 perature of summer is 63'8 Fahr., of winter 26'4, of the whole year 

 44-4. The town was founded by Governor Simcoe in 1794, und<-r tliu 

 name of York, which name it retained till 1834, when it was incor- 

 porated by Sir John Colborno, who gave it the name of the district 

 Toronto. 



TORPHICHEN. [LiHLiTnoowsniBE.] 



TOKPOINT. [CORNWALL.] 



TOKQUAY, Devonshire, a small sea-port and watering-place on the 

 coast of the English Channel, in the parish of Tor-Moham, or Tor- 

 Mohun, and hundred of Haytor, is situated in 50 28' N. lat.. 3 :t:i' 

 W. long., distant about 30 miles S. from Exeter, 194 miles \V.s.\V. 

 from London by road, and 219 miles by the Great Western and South 

 Devon railways. The population of the town of Torquay in 1> 

 7903. The living is a perpetual curacy in the archdeaconry of Tutors 

 and diocese of Exeter. 



About fifty years ago Torquay consisted only of a few mean liuU 

 inhabited by fishermen. The mildness of the climate, and the favour- 

 able position and picturesque character of Torquay, induced in my 

 eminent physicians to recommend it as a winter residence for invalids. 

 The abundance of building stone, which is found in the vicinity, pro- 



