

TOUL. 



TOULOUSK. 



872 



TOCU 



0LOX. a **anort-town and naval harbour in Franc*, on the coast 

 of UM JlsJiUmuwau. capital of the fourth arrondissomeut in tbo 

 dmartaMrt of Tar. 423 mil** in a direct UM S.S.K. from PMta, U 

 SSril l 43' 7' 18' X. lat, 5- 68* E. long., and bu 45,570 inhabitants 

 ia Ik* oommuiM, according to UM census of 1851. 



Tooloo ei.tl in the 6m* of the Komans, and u noticed a* a har- 

 bour ia UM ItiMrary of Antoninus, under the name of Tdt tlartiiu. 

 ' rof Ravenna calls it simply T*lo; and from the 'Notilia 

 Oalliaa, 1 it appears that the principal government dye- 

 rw her.. (Bouquet, Kecoeil d* Historieus des Gaule* 

 rt 0* la Franor, 1 tom. L) A bishopric was eaUblUlied here in the 4th 

 century, whu-h continue I till the Revolution: the bishop was a 

 suffragan of the archbinhop of Ariel. 



In the middle agw Toulon was repeatedly ruined by the Saracens, 

 and at often r*eo*rd from the disaster. Louis XII., to protect it 

 from the pirate* of Barbara, commenced tb* erection of a large tower, 

 which was completed by Francois I. In the year 1536 it wag taken 

 by the Constable of Bourbon, then commanding the imperial army. 

 . IV. strengthened the fortifications of the town, and formed a 

 harbour for merchant ret**!*. Louis XIV., designing to make it uno 

 of UM barriers . f Kruice ou the side of Italy and the Mediterranean, 

 sUbtisbed the royal dockyard, aad caused the whole town to be 

 fortified by Vauban. It was attacked without success in 1707 by the 

 Duke of Savoy by land at the head of a formidable army, and by the 

 eombiued Knglii.li and Dutch fleets by sea. In 1793 it was occupied 

 by a detachment of marines from the English and Spanish fleets then 

 cruising off the port, and was subsequently garrisoned by a strong 

 force of the English and their allies and of tlio French royalists. It 

 was soon bosjeg.d by the French, the artillery being directed by 

 Napoleon Bonaparte. The capture of General O'Haro, and the taking 

 of Fort Eguillette, on a point of laud between the inner and the outer 

 road, obliged the allies to evacuate the town, after burning the arsenal 

 ad carrying away or burning nearly all the vessels in the harbour. 

 The town, in consequence of its having been given up to the allies by 

 UM townsmen, lost its rank of capital of the department, which has 

 never been restored to it 



Toulon U open on the south eido to the harbours and road, but ia 

 h -Itered on the north by the lofty Mount 1'haron, and on tLo east 

 and west by bills of less elevation : from its position, the heat ia 

 summer U very great. Tha road is an inlet of the Mediterranean, 

 baring iU opening towards the east ; and is divided into two parts, 

 the inner and the outer road, by two headlands, which extend into 

 th* road on each side so as to form a narrow strait : on the north side 

 of the inner road are the Old Harbour, or mercantile harbour, ou the 

 out, constructed by Henri IV. ; and on the west the Naval Harbour, 

 constructed by Louis XIV. North of these two harbours is the town. 

 The** two inner harbours are separated from the inner road and from 

 oaeh other by moles or piers : they have each a uarrow entrance, 

 passable only by one Tenet nt a time ; and there is a passage commu- 

 nicating between the two with a swing-bridge. The Old Harbour is 

 surrounded by a large and handsome quay, along which, on the north 

 or town aide, are a number of good houses. The Now or Naval 

 Harbour is surrounded by the various buildings connected with it as 

 a naval port On the north side are the dockyard and arsenal, con- 

 taining the various storehouses for the navy ; covered slips for building 

 vessels ; sailmakcrs' and other workshops ; armouries, in which is a 

 fin* collection of ancient arms; the naval school, with a fine library, 

 and a collection of models of vessels of every kind ; the school of naval 

 artillery ; and, on the north side of the dockyard, the rope manufac- 

 tory, above 2000 feet long, built of freestone, with a vaulted roof. On 

 tb* east aid* of the naval port, aud at the eastern extremity of the 

 smith side, are the bague, or convict house, and the hospital for cou- 

 victi : they are built on the moles which inclose the harbour, aud 

 usually contain from 4000 to 5000 convict*. In the same quarter are 

 thr* l*uns for the construction or repair of vessels. The depOt of 

 artillery U on th* west tide of the harbour, and is inclosed in one of 

 th* bastions of the town. Both town and harbours are surrounded, 

 except towards the road, by a wall strengthened by bastions, and by 

 a ditch. Without the ditch, on the west side, adjacent to the dock- 

 yard, ii UM government bakehouse. At the south-eastern angle of 

 iho town new basins, wet docks, and yards for the construction of 

 teamen and sailing-vessels have been formed : thU quarter is entered 

 from tb* quay along the commercial harbour by a new gate. 



The town is entered by two gates, th* Qate of France on the north- 

 w .t ami th* Oat* of luly on the north-east, through which the road 

 from Oraoa, Nice, and Frcjus enters. Adjacent to the town, ou the 

 north aid*, U a walUd inclosurc, called the Entrenched Camp of St 

 Ann* : a great number of detached outworks occupy various positions 

 r .und the town, and are considered to form so well arranged a system 

 of dTfrae*, that Uu plac* U regarded as impregnable. The depot of 

 artillery for the land service occupies one of the bastions on tba north 

 aid* of UM town, and there are handsome barrack*. Th* Champ do 

 Man, or exrrcis. ground, is on the north-east side, without the walla. 



The older put of the town U in the centra, and is surrounded on 

 111* north and out by a wide street or boulevard, apparenUy occupying 

 the alt* of UM old town-wall. Tbo southern part of this boulevard U 



called the Cours, which runs from the harbour past the former cathe- 

 dral into the Hue-la-Fayotte, forming a long symmetrical promenade 

 bordered with flue trees. Eist of the Cours are streets whose regu- 

 larity indicates their modern origin ; and ou the west side of t!. 

 town, and north of the dockyard, are other new streets regularly laid 

 out The streets are well paved and the houses well built ; there are 

 some squares, but all small, except the Place-d'Armea, Both streets 

 and squares are furnished with fountains. 



Toulon has the ex-cathedral of Notre-Damo, now called L'l 

 Msjeurc, aud three other parish churches St. -Jean, St-Pien. 

 Su-Louis. Notre-Dame is decorated by several works of the sculptor 

 Puget The front of the church of St-Louis has a good colonnade. 

 Adjacent to the Eglise-Majeure is the college, which is a good building. 

 There are a marine hospital, a military hospital, a foundling, and 

 another hospital ; the ex-episcopal palace ; the office of the maritime 

 prefect, forming one side of the Ploce-d'Arines ; a court-house ; au 

 exchange ; a town-hall on the quay of the old or mercantile port ; a 

 theatre ; and several bathing establishments. Some of these m 

 side of the walls of the town. Toulon has a public library 01 

 volume--, :i medical library, a museum of natural history, a botanic 

 garden, au observatory established in the naval hospital, a savings 

 bank, a mont-dc-pii'ti', and several charitable institutions. Tin- 

 retto is ou the south side of the outer road, at some distance froui 

 the to'.vn. 



The business of the place connected with the government establish- 

 ments is very great. There are also manufactures of soap, coarse 

 woollens, morocco leather, chocolate, vermicelli, aud caudles. .M<r- 

 chant vessels are built Trade is carried ou in wine, brandy, oil, 

 olives, dried fruits, corn, flour, nud oth^r productions of the neigh- 

 bourhood. The low grounds in th neighbourhood produce excellent 

 vegetables, figs, olives, orauges, grapes, aud capers. 



Toulon ranks as the second naval port in France, and is the residence 

 of a number of officers connected with the administration of the naval 

 department. It has a tribunal of first instance, a tribunal of oomin 

 and a marine tribunal. Steamers ply regularly between Toulon and 

 Algiers, Corsica, Italy, and most parts of the Mediterranean. 



TO I' I. ON SUK-AUROUX. [SAONK ET-LoiRE.] 



TOULOUSE, the ancient Tutoaa, a city in France, formerly i 

 of the province of Languedoc, now of the department of Hunte- 

 Garonno, i3 situated at u distance of 3-i-J mile-, S. from Turn, in 

 43 35' 40" N. lat., 1 20' o.V }'.. l-iiij, aud had *o,i51 inhabitants i;i 

 the commune at the census of I'-jl. 



Tolosa belonged to the Volca) Tectosages, a Celtic nation. An 

 enormous treasure in gold aud silver, deposited in the temples or con- 

 secrated places of the city, was seized by the Romans under i 

 B.C. 106. (Aulus Gellius, ' Noctes Atticie/ III. ix.) Toulou 

 afterwards subject to the Koinans, the Visigoths, and the Fran!. 

 in the middle ages had counts of its own, who were potentates of 

 great importance in the south of France. [LANGUEDOC.] The last 

 liistoric.il event of importance connected with it was the battle fought 

 (April 10th, 1814) between tlie allied army under the Duke of 

 Wellington and the French under Marshal Soult, who was del 

 aud obliged to evacuate the town. 



Toulouse is situated ou the right bank of the Garonne, which, 

 flowing from the south, bends westward, forming a crescent, on the 

 concave side of which the towu stands. As tlie Caual-dn-M. 

 Caual-de-Languedoc, which unites the Garonne with the Mediter- 

 ranean, opens into the liver a short distance below the town, a 

 its course for some distance parallel to the river, the site of tl, 

 and its suburbs is a peninsula, inclosed between the Garonne, cl 

 the town, ou the west, uud the canal at a little distance on the north 

 and east Ou the south side, but at some distance, are the ln-i 

 Tech-David ; and on the east, beyond the canal, and between it and 

 the little river Lers (which flows parallel to the canal, aud fa! 

 the Garonne below it), are the heights of Mont Jtave, ou which the 

 fiercest part of the battle of Toulouse, in 1S14, took place. 



The town and the suburb of St-Cyprieu, which is on the opposite 

 bank of the river, are inclosed by walls, ei-ecte 1 iu the middli 

 and are united by a bridge of seven arches, the Pont-Neuf, ab^. 

 feet long, erected under Louis XIV., from the designs of Souli'rou, 

 which crosses the river in the middle of the bend. The river i 

 with handsome quays. The walls, which have nine gates, were in 

 1814 tolerably entire (Napier, ' Peninsular War'), but are fast disap- 

 pearing in the progress of improvement. Besides St.-( 'yprii-u, there 

 are several other suburbs. On the south-cast side of the town, 

 between the suburbs St-Etienne and St.-Michel, is the Esplanade, a 

 circular space surrounded by trees, planted so as to form four con- 

 centric circles, and having six avenues radiating from it, each with 

 four rows of trees, forming three alleys. The streets of the town are 

 uarrow, crooked, ill paved, and dirty ; the squares irregular iu form ; 

 the houses high, built generally of brick iu an old rambling style, but 

 many are constructed with planks. Improvements however hav 

 recently effected. Of the squares, the Place-lloyale, I'lace-St-li 

 aud Place-Augoulcme are the handsomest Numerous detached foun- 

 tains, some of which ore very handsome, and a hundred fountains 

 issuing from walls, serve to clean-o and refresh the streets. 



The principal public buildings are the cathedral, the capital or Hotel- 

 dc-Yillo, the ex-archicpiscopol palace, and the church of the Grands 



