TRALKK. 



TRANSYLVANIA. 



tt:a 



lb rirtr 8lino, on * rtMp rock, surrounded on three aide* by the 

 M, and it a m:wned for iU oouimerce and navigation. Its 

 pnorat name i .Srfoiii. 



ilton discovered the mint of a Urge ancient city (which he 



f it. stfon| reaaon to believe WH called Trajatto)li) about 20 miles 



in 111* Morad-Pagb, the ancient Diudymene, and near tho 



toum of tl.e I!naa-Chai, a feeder of the Meudereh. IU site IB 



marked by the n:odrrn Ahat-Kieui, situated near the northern 



mty of th Bonrgaa-Dagh, and a little west of 30 E. long. 



Ptolemy mmtions a TrajanopolU in Myija, the site of which could 



neter b* fixed, in consequence of an error in his longitude. Cellariu-'s 



conjecture that it waa not in Vysia but farther eaat in 1'hrygia Major 



atrau verified by Hamiltou'a discovery. 



(Hamilton, Rt,carrka in Alia Minor, rol. i. pp. 118-116.) 



1 Ireland, the chief town of Kerry, a market-town and sea- 

 port, a parliamentary borough, and the Beat of n I'onr-Liiw Union, is 

 ntuatedon the : :i 52' 16' N. lat, 9 43' W. long., distant 



by road 63 miles S.W. l.y W. from Limerick, 1S1J n.il. - \V.S.\V. from 

 Dublin. The borough returns one member to the Imperial Parlia- 

 ment. The population was : 1. The borough is under the 



management of a board of 21 cominif.-ioncrs. Tralee Poor-Law Union 

 comprise* 39 electoral divisions, with an area of -21,845 acres, and a 

 population in 1841 of 71,626; in 1851 of 58,545. 



The town consists of several streets, four of which meet in a small 

 square. The main streets are spacious and well built, and the whole 

 place has been much improved of late years. The castle grounds, on 

 the south side of the town, have been laid out as a promenade fur the 

 inhabitants. The parish church is a large and handsome biiil.lin_r, 

 with a square tower. There are two spacious Human Catholic chapels, 

 ar.rcMUtation nunnery, chapels for 1'ivsliyU-rians, Independents, and 

 von Methodists, several Free school*, the county court-house, 

 the county jail, I arracks, the county club and news-room, a market- 

 house, a county infirmary, a fever hospital, a neat row of almshou&es, 

 and the Union workhouse. 



At the west end of the town is a basin, which vessels of 300 tons 

 burden reach by a ship-canal from the bay. The custom-house is at 

 Blennervillc. The port carries on an extensive trade in grain, flour, 

 bacon, and other exports. Tho chief article of import from Great 

 Britain is coal ; the foreign imports are mainly timber, deals, and 

 stave*. In 1853 there were registered as belonging to the port 13 

 vessels of 790 tons. During 1853 there entered the port 213 sailing- 

 vessels of 14,536 tons, and 6 steam-vessels of 1248 tons; and there 

 cleared 178 sailing-vessels of 14,112 tons, and 5 steam-vessels of 1040 

 tons. Tralee carries on an extensive retail trade with the surrounding 

 district. It has three breweries and a distillery. The markets are 

 well supplied with fi.-h. The county assizes and quarter sessions are 

 held in the town, and petty sessions every Wednesday. Fairs < 

 on May 3rd, August 4th, October Uth, Novimber 7th, and Dc< 

 13th. Tuewliy and Saturday are the market-days. Races. are held 

 near the town, and a yearly regatta in the bay. 



A Dominican friary waa founded at Tralee in 1213 by John Fit/.- 

 Thomas, one of the great Qeruldiue family. Tho knithts of St. John 

 usalem had a commaudery in the neighbourhood. The Marl <!' 

 Desmond had a castle here, which having come, on the forfeiture of 

 the earl, into the hands of Sir Edward Denny, served us a place of 

 refuse for th--- English families resident in and about the town when 

 Tralee wu entered by the insurgents in the great rebellion of 1641. 

 The cattle held out for six months, but was at last obliged to surrender. 

 The town was soon after burned. Tralee Castle is on the south-ca.->t 

 of the town. 



TltAU.KS. [KABU.] 



TIlAMnicK. [\VATKKFORD.] 



TKAXCOM). [liniiA.J 



T11ANKNT. [I! :,IKK.] 



TIIAXI. [HAH!, Tf.lSllA DI.1 



TRAN',.ri.r,u;. [CAIIXATIC.] 



TKAN>YI.\ A'XIA, a crownhmd of tho Austrian empire, lies 



2' and 47* 42' N. lat., 22 15' and 26 20' K. long. Its 



grratnt length from north-west to south-east in 191 miles, and its 



pratot breadth from west to east is 184 miles. It is bounded N. by 



Hungary, K. by Bukowina and Moldavia, S. by Wallachia, and W. bv 



otwodtschaft of fx rvia and the Temesvar Banal. The area is 



21,335 iquare mile*, and the population, according to an official return 



for 185J. niuounUd to 2,074.. 



Tr*n)lvir,a is tl.e wetteru (.art of the Roman Daeia. It was so 

 named by the Hungarians, from the circumkUtice of its lying ' beyond ' 

 or on the extern side of the wood, d ' mountains that separate it 

 from Hungary. The German name is rg< n. 



ifom*t,,., . The range of the Carpathian Mountains, which inclose 

 Tnoaylvania on the east and south, are described und,-r ( .Mir.xTniAN 

 * !* b J which the range is crossed are of great 

 Importance, being the only ways of communication between 

 ' 11 on one Mf > * nd Mo ' <! " and 



, , " and Wallachia on tho other 



id*. The following lead to WUtebb:- I. 'it,., pan of Zaikan in 

 *"y of the ir.t^g. Thi, MM I. called tlie ' Iron Door/ on 

 account of the high and steep rock. by which it is bounded. 2. Tho 

 pus of Yalkau. near the Tillage of Krivadia, famous for the bloody 

 defeaU which too Turk. bar* suffered there in different warm, 3. Tho 



pass of the Hothen-Tluirm, or the ' Red Tower,' the most remarkable 

 of all. Formed by the narrow valley of the Alt, it begins near the 

 village of Boitza, or Ochscnkopf in Transylvania, and it ends near the 

 convenl of Kosia in Wallachia, The length of this pass is 11 leagues, 

 and the greater part of the road is hewn in the rock. 4. The pass 

 of Fortschwar, or Terzburg, in the district of Kronstadt. 6. The pass 

 of Tomosch, south of Kronstodt, formed by the valley of tli 

 Tomosch. 6. The pass of Bosau, in the district of Kronstadt The passes 

 of Oytosch, Qymesch, and Paritscb, or Bereczk, lead into Moldavia, 

 and the Borgo pass makes the communication with Bukowina. 



Transylvania is a table-land bounded on the east and the south 

 by the principal range of the Carpathians; on the north by a 1 

 of the Carpathians, which beginning at Mount Gallatz, stretches west- 

 ward as for as Mount 1'leska, and thence to the north-west as fir as 

 Mount Prctrosza in Hungary ; and ou the west by an extensive system 

 of mountains which is composed of three large groups. The first or 

 southern group bogius near Mount Kosztara, in 45 13' N. lat., 22 40' 

 E. long., stretching to tho north as far as the river Maros : the centre 

 of this proup, Mount Ruska-Poyana, is 9300 feet, or perhaps 9!>i 

 high. The second group lies between the Maros in the south, and 47 

 N. lat. in the north, sending out lofty and extensive branches to the 

 east and to the west The third group begins in 47" N. Int., and 

 stretches as far aa 47 35' N. lat. ; the southern parl of it is called the 

 Reuss Mountains, and the northern part known by the German name 

 of the Buch-gebirge. Between the northern slopes of the 1'iiich- 

 gebirge and Mount Pleska in the east, lies the valley of the Szamos, 

 which is one of the few larger passes between Transylvania and 

 Hungary, another being formed by the valley of the rhir 

 The middle of Transylvania is traversed by several parallel ranges of 

 mountains, which, being links between theC 

 and the mountains on the west frontier, give to the country tin- 

 | of a gigantic gridiron. The direction of these ranges is generally from 

 ' north-east to south-west ; the elevation of the summits is less than 

 that of the Carpathians, and in many districts they arc mere hills. 

 The first or northern of these ranges begius at Mount Bistriksonx in 

 tho cast, and joins the western system in 46 80' N. lat. ; it is not 

 interrupted by any river or plain, and separates the valley of the 

 SznmOR, or the northernmost part of the country, from the volley of 

 the Marcs. The second lies between the Maros and the river Little 

 Kockel; the third is between the Little Kockel and the Great 

 Kockel ; and the fourth forms a barrier between the Great Kovkel 

 and the Alt. Plains are rare in Transylvania. Extensive tracts of 

 the hilly and mountainous parts are covered with forests, the 1 

 of which are those of Ricka, Hargit, Parayde, Mikoaue, and Zeidne. 



Hirers. All the rivers of Transylvania are tributaries of the Danube, 

 either flowing directly into this river, or joining tho Theiss ; a few, of 

 little importance, join other affluents of the Danube. The Marosh 

 (Maros) has its sources on the eastern frontier at the foot of Mount 

 Tarko, or Tatarrhago. It runs first north-west and west for about 46 

 miles, and afterwards south-wo-t, \\vst, aud south-south-wi 

 upwards of 100 miles till it reaches Karlsburg; from this town to its 

 junction with the Theiss at Szegedin it has a generally west < 

 The whole length of this river is above 800 miles, but its course within 

 Transylvania is only from 180 to 190 miles. The mouth of the Maros 

 at Szegedin is 600 feet wide, and it becomes navigable for boats at 

 Karlsburg : it contain:! abundance of fish, and it brings down particles 

 of gold. The most important of its southern tributary rivers is the 

 Great Kocktl, which receives the Little Kockel. On its northern side 

 the Maros receives the Aranyos, which has its sources in the west on 

 the frontiers of Hungary, aud which flows eastward in a direction 

 opposite to that of the Maros. The lower part of the Aranyoa is 

 navigable. 



The Samoih (Szamos) is formed by the junction of the Great and 

 the Little Szamos. The Great Szamos comes from Mount Kahlberg, 

 or Gallatz, in the district of Bistritz, in the north-eastern cor:. 

 Transylvania, and runs south-west as far as Deez, where it is joined 

 by the Little Szamos, the sources of which are at the foot of Mount 

 Kalata, iii tho district of Klauscnburg, on the frontiers of Hungary. 

 The direction of the Little Szamos is uorth-eaet. From Deez the 

 united stream first runs north-west, then south-west, aud at last north, 

 till it reaches the frontiers of Hungary a little above Szada : it joins 

 the Theiss at the village of Apati. Tlie whole length of tho Szanuu 

 is upwards of 200 miles, and three-fourths of its length are within 

 Ivauia. The ALT (Alula), which forms the subject of a separate 

 nrticlf, rises in the Carpathians, near the sources of the Great S. 

 Its length is about 250 miles, and about 134 miles are within 'I > 

 vonia. The navigation on tho Alt within Transylvania has many 

 obstacles, the bed of the river being full of rocks, part of which however 

 have been blown np by order of the Austrian government. This river 

 affords a natural communication between southern Transylvania and 

 Wallachia and t. e Danube, ami is therefore of great importance for 

 commerce, especially as the valley of the Alt is the most fertile and 

 tho most civilised part of Transylvania, being almost entirely inhabited 

 by German colonists. The whole Wallachiau part of the river however 

 is still ifi a state of primitive wildness. There are some lakes of im- 

 portance. The Lake of 11 ados in the county of Doboka is 15 miles 

 long ; tho Lake of St. Anna near Lazarfalva in the country of the 

 Szcklera ia 10 miles long and as many broad ; the Lake of Piritsch in 



