TRECASTLE. 



TRENT AND HDMBER. 



833 



to have been only the shadow of its former splendour ; but it 

 recovered during the wars with the Persians in the reign of Justinian. 

 This emperor ordered the public buildings to be restored by him 

 (Ibid., p. 234). Trebizond afterwards became the capital of a 

 province which contained the ancient country of Pontus, and some- 

 times also some adjacent tract* of Armenia. The Oenoese repaired 

 Hadrian's mole, which is now destroyed, with the exception of the 

 foundations. 



At present Trebizond belongs to the Turkish empire ; its Turkish 

 name is Tharabezun or Trabeznn. It is the capital of the eyalet of 

 Trebizond [ABMEXIA, vol. t, 506-7], the seat of a pasha, and of a 

 Greek archbishop. Its population is variously estimated from 24,000 

 to 50,000, chiefly Mohammedans, with about 4000 Greeks, and 

 2000 Armenians. The Christian part of the population lives without 

 the walls. Among the public buildings the most remarkable are, the 

 castle or citadel, partly of ancient, partly of modern construction, 

 situated in the middle of the town on a steep rock, the summit of 

 which is flat 11 a table (Tpdwffa, hence the name of the town) ; the 

 bazaar ; public bath-houses of marble, and of a beautiful architecture ; 

 the ruins of a temple of Apollo, part of which has been converted 

 into a Greek church. The commerce of Trebizond has much increased 

 since the navigation of the Black Sea has been opened to all nations. 

 The town has regular communication by steam-boats with Constan- 

 tinople, Odessa, and the Danube ; and it may now be said to be the 

 first commercial port on the Black Sea ; however, the ancient port is 

 almost filled up with sand, and larger vessels are obliged to cast 

 anchor in the road. The commerce of Trebizond with Armenia, 

 Persia, and Georgia is very extensive. The exports from these 

 countries, consisting of silk, wool, tobacco, wax, gall-nuts, oil, opium, 

 drugs, honey, timber, carpets, shawls, saffron, cotton, &c., amount to 

 about a million sterling a year. The imports are composed of Euro- 

 pean manufactures, sncb. as cotton fabrics, hardware, glass, fire-arms, 

 Ac.; together with iron, corn, wine, tin, salt*, spices, and colonial 

 produce. The value of the imporU is nearly two millions sterling ; 

 the greater part is sent to Persia. Surrounded by a range of high 

 and woody mountain*, the town presents a beautiful appearance from 

 the sea. Trebizond is the birthplace of Cardinal Bessarion, who was 

 born here in 1395. [ARMESIA.] 



TRECASTLK. [BRECKNOCKSHIRE.] 



TUECATE. I\OVABA.] 



TREDEGAR. [MomiotrrHsnmt] 



TREFFORT. [Ais.] 



THEGARON, Cardiganshire, a market-town and the seat of a Poor- 

 Law Union, in the parish of Caron-ys Clawdd, is situated on tlio 

 right bank of the river Borwyn, in 5J .'.., 3 55' W. long., 



distant 3s miles K.N.E. from Cardigan, and 201 miles W.X.W. from 

 London. The population of the township in which Tregaron is 

 situated was 839 in 1851. Tha living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry 

 of Cardigan and diocese of St. Davids. Tcvgaron Poor-Law Union 

 contains 22 parishes and townships, with an area of 122,050 acres, 

 and a population in 1851 of 10,404. The town, which is picturesquely 

 seated among mountains, is much frequented by anglers. The parish 

 church is an old building, with a good tower. The market u held 

 on Tuesday ; fairs are held on March 15th, and on the first Tuesday 



TRKOOKY. [CoBSWALU] 



TKEIGNAC. [CoBRta&] 



TKELON. [NoBa] 



TKKMADOC. [CABBXABVOMHIBE.] 



TKKMBOULA. [GAUCIA, Austrian.] 



TRKMDOK. [DURHAM.] 



n:K MITI ISLANDS. [CAPITASATA-] 



TRENT. [TTROL.1 



TRENT AND HUMBER, a river flowing through the central parts 

 of England. Although the Trent and Uumber are commonly spoken 

 of as distinct, they are trietly parU of the same river. The Humber 

 is simply the estuary formed by the junction of several streams, and 

 is therefore to be regarded as a part of that one of its affluents which 

 for length and importance stands first in the system. 



Baiin. If we consider the mouth of the Humber as defined by 

 ripurii Head in Yorkshire and Donna Nook in Lincolnshire, and all 

 the waters flowing into it within those limits as belonging to the 

 lystem of which it is the outlet, the limits of iU basin are as follow* : 

 On the north-east it is bounded by the upland* which, rising from 

 the alluvial district of Holdernes*, form the cliff* which skirt with 

 some intervals the Yorkshire coast between Spurn Head and llornsoa. 

 All this part of the basin is alluvial ; bat near Bridlington Quay the 

 Yorkshire Wolds, whioh contist of an insulated rang* of chalk hill*, 

 rise above the alluvium. The Yorkshire Wold* encroach upon the 

 basin of the Humber, extending southward in the form of a orescent 

 more than 30 miles between its extremities, from Flamborough Head 

 near Bridlingtnn almost to the banks of the Humber, about 8 or 10 

 miles above Hull, and separating the sub-basin of the Hull from that 

 of the Derwent. The northern part of the Wolds h drained by a 

 stream which flow* through a valley in the chalk, and falls into the 

 sen at Bridlington Quay. North-west of Flaraborough Head the basin 

 of the Humber extends to the coast, for the source of the Hartford, a 

 feeder of the Derwent, is a* near the shore at Filey fl iy a* that of the 



owx>. Dir. vol. iv. 



Hull at Bridlington Bay ; uor is the head of the Derwent itself more 

 than two or three miles distant from Robin Hood's Bay, which is the 

 north-eastern extremity of the basin. 



From the western end of the Eastern Moorlands, a range of oolite 

 lulls, which extend inland from Robin Hood's Bay, the basiu is 

 bounded still on the north side by a lateral branch or offset of the 

 jreat Pennine chain, which branch separates the basin of the Humber 

 from those of the Tees and the Eden. The branches which the Pennine 

 chain throws off toward the east, and which constitute the western 

 moorlands of Yorkshire, are separated from each other by long narrow 

 valleys, in which the Swale, the Yore, the Wharfe, the Aire, and the 

 Calder, all directly or indirectly tributaries of the Ouse, have their 

 course. At the southern end of the Pennine chain the western boundary 

 is formed by the highlands of the Peak of Derbyshire and the moor- 

 lands of Northern Staffordshire. The western boundary from Stafford- 

 shire southward separates the basin of the Trent and Humber from 

 that of the Severn. The southern limit, commencing at the head of 

 the river Rea, runs eastward through Worcestershire and Warwick- 

 shire, past the head of the Blythe, 5 miles north-west from Henley-in- 

 Arden, to Wroxhal], 4 miles north-west from Warwick; it then proceeds 

 by Meriden and Nuneaton to Bulkiugtou (4 miles north-east of Coven- 

 try), and turning north-east is defined by the hills which run through 

 Leicestershire and Rutlandshire past Lutterworth, Kibworth, Billesdon, 

 to Burleigh, the south-eastern limit of the basin. The eastern boundary 

 is formed by the uplands on the border of Lincolnshire and Notting- 

 hamshire, which separate the valleys of the Witham aud the Trent, 

 passing Newark and extending to Gainsborough. The eastern boundary 

 separates the basin of the Trent from those of the Glen, the Withani, 

 and the Steeping, all flowing into the Wash. These limits comprehend 

 some important manufacturing districts : as the great seat of the 

 woollen manufacture in Yorkshire ; of the hosiery and lace manufac- 

 ture in Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire ; of the cotton and silk 

 manufacture of Derbyshire ; and of the iron manufacture of Stafford- 

 shire and Warwickshire. The entire area of the basiu is probably 

 about 9100 square miles, which makes it by far the largest in Great 

 Britain ; that of the Severn aud Wye being only 5900 square miles ; 

 and that of the Thames aud Medway 6500 square miles, little more 

 than two-thirds of that of the Trent and Humber. 



Course and A Jucn/* The Trent rises in the hills of North Stafford- 

 shire, near the Cheshire border. It is formed by the confluence of 

 several streams in an extensive pond or reservoir near Kuipersley or 

 Knypenley Hall, and flows south, through the Pottery district, by 

 Hanley and Stoke-upon-Trent, to the junction of the little river Lyine 

 (about five miles long) from Newcastle; and thence through Treutham 

 Park, where it expands into a noble pool of 80 acres. After passing 

 through Trent ham Pork it flows past Stone to the junction of the 

 Sow, at the village of Great Haywood. From the junction of the Sow 

 the Trent flows south-east, turning gradually towards the east, and 

 receiving the Blythe on the left bank, to the junction of the Tame, 

 which joins the Trent on the right bank a little below Alrewas ; aud 

 with its feeders, the Anker, the Blythe (which is not to be confounded 

 with the river of the same name just mentioned), and the Rea, drains 

 the south-western part of the basin, the seat of the great iron and 

 hardware manufacture. From the junction of the Tame the Trent 

 turn* northward, and flows by Burton-on-Trent to the junction of the 

 Dove. It then flows eastward to the junction of the Derwent, which 

 joins it on the left bank. From the junction of the Derwent the Trent 

 flows to the junction of the Soar, on it* right bank, and thence to the 

 junction of the Erowash, on its left bank. The course of the Trent 

 gradually changes from an eastern to a north-eastern direction ; the 

 change commences above the junction of the Derwent, and becomes 

 more decided near the junction of the Erewaah. After the junction 

 of the Erewaah the Trent receives several important tributaries, includ- 

 ing the Deven or Devon, and the Lene, and passing Gainsborough and 

 Burton-upon-Strather, is joined by the Ouse on its left bank. In 

 Lincolnshire it receives on the left bank the Idle, which joins the Trent 

 by on ancient cut, called ' Byker's Dyke,' at West Stockwith, below 

 Gainsborough. A navigable cut, called ' the new river Idle,' joins tho 

 Trent at Keadby considerably lower down. 



The Yorkshire rivers which form the system of the Ouso are des- 

 cribed under YORKSHIRE. It is sufficient to notice hero that the 

 length of the Ouse is from 130 to 135 miles; and that from the im- 

 portance of this river and its tributaries it may dispute with tho 

 Trent the pre-eminence among the rivers which flow into the Humbor. 

 From the confluence of the Trent and Ouse the river (or rather 

 tcstuary, for the tide flows up both rivers above their junction) 

 assumes tho name of Humber, and takes an eastward direction. It 

 expands in Borne places to the width of a mile, and below Barton 

 Ferry acquires a permanent breadth of more than a mile. The chanuel 

 is however occupied by shoals, or by the mud or sand-banks which 

 line the shore, so that the low-water channel is narrow. A little 

 below the town aud port of Hull, the Humber turns south-east, and 

 gradually increasing in width till it acquires, below* Patriugton, a 

 breadth of 4 or 5 mile* at high water, and 2.J to 3 miles at low-water, 

 enter* the German Ocean at Spurn Head, where, on what would be 

 an island, were it not connected with the mainland by a narrow cause- 

 way a mile ami a half long, are two lighthouses. The projection of 

 Spurn Head narrows the high-water channel of tho river from about 



3 r, 



