IN 



TRIPOLITZA. 



TRONDHJEM. 



683 



roots, wax, saffron, senna and other drugs, ostrich feathers, gold-dust, 

 ivory, gum, dates, horned-cattle, sheep, poultry, and butter. Among 

 the exports are black male and female slaves, brought from Fezzan 

 and Ghadamis, and generally shipped to Tunis, Egypt, an<l the 

 Turkish ports of the Levant, in vessels of those countries or of Tripoli 



The trade of Tripoli profits once or twice a year from the passage of 

 the pilgrims from western Barbary on their way to Mecca. Formerly 

 these caravans amounted sometimes to 3000 persons, and half as 

 many camels and horses, with their goods and merchandise. But 

 since the suppression of piracy in the Levant, devout Moslems 

 prefer the passage by sea to Alexandria, as less fatiguing and less 

 dangerous. This baa worked a change for the worse in the traffic of 

 the place, and the caravans which stop there now seldom amount to 

 more than a few hundred people and animals. The kafilas, or small 

 caravans, from Fezzan and Ghadamis, are now the principal medium 

 of inland trade. These people exchange their merchandise for that 

 of Europe, and pay the balance in gold-dust. 



TUII'OLITXA, one of the chief towns in the More*, is situated in 

 * plain in Arcadia, 3000 feet above the sea, in which the ancient towns 

 of Mantineia, Tegea, and PalUntium formerly stood. The name 

 points to its having been formed from a union of three cities; and the 

 current tradition in Greece is, that these cities were Mukhli, Tegea, 

 and Mantineia. Mukhli is said by the Greeks to have been a settle- 

 ment from AmycljB in Laconia, and it appears in the middle ages to 

 have been one of the chief places in this part of the Morea. It was 

 taken by Mohammed II., in 1458, and it is not improbable that Tripo- 

 litza was built soon after this event, when Mukhli declined in impor- 

 tance. The bishop who resides at Tripolitza is still called Bishop of 

 Mnkhli. 



Before the Greek revolution Tripolitza had a population of 15,000 to 

 20,000, and was the residence of the Pasha of the Mores. It was 

 taken in 1822 by the Greeks, who pat to the sword 8000 male Turks. 

 Ibrahim Pasha took the town in 182S and razed every house it con- 

 tained. It has been since partially rebuilt. 



There are several remain* of ancient art in Tripolitza, as the ruins 

 of Tegea have been plundered for the purpose of building the mosques 

 and other edifices. The climate is cold in winter, and snow often lies 

 very thick upon the plain. 



TRISTAN DA CirXHA, a group of island* in the Southern 

 Atlantic, lying S.S.E. of St. Helena. The largest and central island 

 lie* about the point 37 6' N. lat, 12 2' W. long. The islands are 

 three in number : the largest, to which the name of Tristan da Cunha 

 properly belongs, is between 1 9 and 20 miles in circumference ; of 

 the two smaller, that which is named Nightingale Island is to the 

 south of the principal island, and that named luacccssible Island to 

 the south-west. The two smaller island*, from the steep and craggy 

 nature of their shores, can only be approached in a calm. The north 

 side of the largest island is very striking ; an extensive plain stretches 

 long the base of a mountain, the tides of which are clothed with 

 thick brunhwood, and which towers abruptly to the height of 8326 

 feet In 1816 a company of artillery was stationed on this island : it 

 was withdrawn after the death of Napoleon. Water a good and 

 abundant in the inland, and vessel* which touch there can easily pro- 

 cure supplies of frc-h provisions. Off the coast is great abundance 

 of seal", and whales, both black and white. These island* were dis- 

 covered in 1506, by the fleet under Tri-tan da Cunha, whose name has 

 been given to them. 



TRIVAXDRUM. [HrxDUSTAjr.l 



THIVKNTn. [SASSio.l 



TRIVIKR, ST. [Am.] 



TROAD. [TnoY.l 



TKOIS IMVIKItKS. [CASADA.] 



TIHiITZK. [OnsuoBO.l 



Tl:".l.\. fCAIITASATA.] 



u.H.vrrr.N CANAL. [SWEDES.] 



>T. [Lwii;- 



TRONDHJEtf, or DRONTHEIM, is the most northern of the 

 provinces of Norway, extending from 62 to 71 10' N. lat, and 

 from 5 to 31" E. long. Near it* southern boundary it extends 

 more than 200 miles from west to east, but between 65* and 

 60* N. lit. it* width hardly ever exceeds 60 mile*. North of 69 

 N. lat however it grows wider, and in some place* the width amount* 

 to 150 mile*. On the west and north it is bounded by the sea, on the 

 cast are Russia and Sweden, and on the south the Norwegian province 

 of Christian** and Bergen. It* area is about 57,600 square miles. 



[NORWAT.J 



Trondhjom comprehend* the countries situated on the northern 

 declivity of the Norrska-fiellen, and those which lie on the western 

 and steeper slope of the Kiolen Mountains : the greater part of it is 

 exceedingly mountainous, and very little fit for agricultural purposes. 

 This circumstance, united to the severity of the climate, must be 

 considered a* the came of it* very small population, amounting to 

 only 265,349. Trondhjem is divided into three sections, Proper 

 Trondhjem, Nordland, and Finmarken. 



Trnndfijem Proper comprehends the countries inclosing the Bay of 

 Trondhjem, or Trondbjem-fiord. Among the numerous inlet* by 

 which the rocky coast of this country is indented the Trondbjem-fiord 



0100. DIV. VOL. IV. 



is the most important. Its entrance from the sea is near 63 30' 

 N. lat, and it runs about 60 miles inland, measured in a straight Hue ; 

 but as it forms aa it were the section of a circle, its whole length is 

 near 90 miles. Towards its eastern extremity it is divided into three 

 arms by an island (Ytteroe) and a peninsula, and these arms are called, 

 from south to north, Verdals-fiord, Ytterbe-fiord, andiBeitstad-fiord. 

 Beitstad-fiord is united to TronJhjems-fiord by a narrow channel 

 about 5 miles in length. The width of Trondhjems-fiord varies in 

 general between 3 and 5 miles, exceeding these dimensions only where 

 short arms branch off from the main body of the fiord. 



The country south of Trondhjems-fiord, or South Trondhjem, lies 

 on the northern declivity of the Lang-field and Dovre-field, which 

 are portions of the Norrska-fiellen. [NoRRSKA-FlELLEN.] The coast- 

 line extends from Cape Stadtland, the most southern extremity of the 

 province, to the entrance of Trondhjems-fiord, nearly due north-east. 

 It is more than any other part of the Norwegian coast intersected by 

 arms of the sea, which extend in different directions, so that a portion 

 of the country near the sea is converted by them into islands, whilst 

 the remainder forms numerous peninsulas. The largest of the islands 

 thus formed are Froyen, Hitteren, and Srablen. Hitteren is nearly 30 

 miles long, and on an average 1 miles wide. These islands are rocky 

 and high, but not mountainous, tho heights on them rising only to 

 the elevation of hills. Their soil is indifferent, and agriculture is 

 limited ; but they are partly covered with woods, in which deer are 

 common. The islands which lie farther south and nearer the coast 

 are much more elevated, and the summit of that of Tusteren, south 

 of Smblen, probably exceeds 4000 feet above the sea-level, aa it is 

 hardly ever free from snow. The coast of the mainland is high, and 

 usually rises with a steep precipice from the sea to an elevation of a 

 few hundred feet. Along the whole of the outer coast no tracts of 

 cultivable land of any extent are met with, and tho few hamlets which 

 occur are inhabited by fishermen. The rocks are mostly bare, and in 

 a few places only are there small woods of stunted trees, or rather 

 bushes. The fish taken along this coast are chiefly lobsters, cod, ling, 

 and herring. The fiords themselves penetrate to the distance of 50 

 miles from the open sea. Their average width varies between one and 

 two mile*, and they are very deep, but much exposed to sudden gales 

 from the mountains, which, though of short duration, are extremely 

 violent Along the shores of these inlet* tracts of cultivable land 

 occur, but they are of moderate extent They are cultivated, and 

 yield most kinds of grain, except wheat, and several kinds of veget- 

 able*. The mountains and high hills which separate tho fiords from 

 each other descend with a gentle declivity, which is partly covered 

 with woods of birch, elm, fir, and pine, among which however forest- 

 trees are not common, and is partly used as pasture-ground. 



The interior of the country is occupied by the mountain region of 

 the Xorrska-fiellcn. Tho highest part of it lies along the southern 

 boundary-line of Trondhjem, where the Snee-hitttcn rises to 7489 feet 

 above the sea-level The base on which the Snea-hii tten and other 

 lofty peak* near it stand is a mountain plain, from 3000 to 4000 feet 

 above the sea. It i* partially free from snow during two or three 

 month* of the year, and a portion of it is then used as pasture-ground. 

 In some part* are small wood* of stunted birch and willows, but in 

 general it is destitute of wood. On the west the table-land is furrowed 

 by a few valley* of considerable length, whose width however never 

 exceed* mile. These valleys are in their lower districts from 2000 

 to 4000 feet below the adjacent mountains. They have the advantage 

 of a very hot but short summer, and the greatest part of them is 

 cultivated with much care, and yields abundant crops of rye, barley, 

 potatoes, and flax. The largest of these valleys are, from south to 

 north Komsdalen, which is famous for its picturesque beauty; 

 Kikidalen ; and Drivdalen. A* this country does not offer anything 

 to the foreign market except fish and some timber, it has only two 

 small towns, Cbristiansund and Molde. Ckrutiansund lies south-west 

 of the elevated island of Tustercn, and is built on three small islands, 

 inclosing a narrow arm of the sea, which constitutes its harbour. It 

 contains about 3000 inhabitant*, if Me, south-south-west of Christian- 

 sund, has only 1500 inhabitant*. The inhabitants are partly engaged 

 in commerce, but the greater number in the fishery of the Lofodeu, 

 to which these town* *end * number of small vessels. Their com- 

 mercial relations are almost exclusively with Spain, to which country 

 the produce of the fisheries is sent. 



The country along the southern shores of Trondhjems-fiord con- 

 tain* a much greater portion of arable land, and is more extensively 

 cultivated and more populous. It i* watered by four rivers, which 

 from west to east are called Oerkel, Guul, Nid, and Stor-elf. From 

 the shores of the fiord to the Dovrefield the country rises in three ter- 

 races, whose lines of separation ore marked by the Lake Salbbe, which 

 i* about 520 feet above the sea, and the course of the river Guul, 

 where it runs from east to west Each of the terraces occupies about 

 20 miles in width. The lowest terrace, along the shores of the fiord, 

 is an undulating plain about 9 or 10 mile* in width, which is however 

 intersected with a few steep rock*. A large portion of it is cultivated, 

 though the soil is not fertile. Near the lake of Salbbe, and in general 

 about 10 miles from the fiord, tho country becomes hilly, and the soil 

 i* stony. Only a small portion of it is under cultivation, and the 

 remainder is indifferent pasture-ground. The second terrace is broken 

 in all it* extent, with the exception of the river valleys, which are 



