TUDELA. 



TUNIS. 



906 



federal state, owning a qualified dependence upon the central govern 

 iiK-nt. The executive power is Tested in a governor elected by the 

 junta, or provincial assembly. 



San Miyuel dt Tucuman, the capital of the province, occupies a 

 remarkably pleasant site on an elevated and well-wooded plain, in 

 27 10' S. lat, 65 ZV W. long.; it contains about 7000 inhabitants, 

 and U a place of some trade. It was at Tucuman that the declara- 

 tion of the independence of the provinces of the Rio de la Plata was 

 formally made in 1810 by the congress of deputies from the several 

 provinces. 



TUDELA. [XAVABBA.] 



TULA, a government of European Russia, is situated between 

 52" 53' and 54 56' N. lat, 35 54' and 38 50' E. long. It is bounded 

 N. by Moscow, E. by Rianan and Tambow, S. by Orel, and W. by 

 Kaluga. The area is 11,744 square miles, and the population 1,227,000. 



This country is a uniform undulating plain, where hardly anything 

 U to be seen but boundless cornfields or meadows, traversed by low 

 hills, with little wood, and no remarkable natural scenery. The pro- 

 vince is one of the best cultivated and most populous in the empire. 

 The coil is dry, and generally poor, and owes its fertility to skilful 

 cultivation. The principal river is the Oka, which comes from Kaluga, 

 and partly forms the boundary towards Moscow and Kaluga. The 

 Don, which rises in Lake Ivanof, near the frontiers of Riasan, is little 

 more than a brook in its short course in this government before it 

 outers that of Riasan. There is however no want of water, there 

 being above 200 small rivers. 



The bishop of Tula and Bjelew is at the head of the clergy ; he has 

 857 parishes under him. The government is divided into twelve circles. 

 Except in the capital there are no manufactories ; woollen and linen 

 fabrics are manufactured for their own use by the country-people. 



The most considerable town next to the capital, TULA, is Bjdev, or 

 F-j'l'f, situated on the Oka, in the western part of the government. 

 It is a large old town, with a rampart and moat : it has fifteen 

 churches ; a monastery ; a nunnery ; and several public buildings. The 

 population exceeds 7000. There are several tanneries, breweries, 

 tallow-melting houses, and manufactories of hardware, especially 

 knives, which are highly esteemed all over Russia. The inhabitants 

 carry on a considerable trade. Wenao, on the Wenewka, 32 miles 

 N.W. from Tula, has eight churches, 3500 inhabitants, a silk-mill, n 

 soap-inanufectory, and some breweries. Odojew, on the Una, has 

 seven churches and 3300 inhabitants, who derive subsistence from 

 agriculture, mechanical trades, and a considerable commerce in hemp 

 and corn with Kaluga. Jefranow, on the Metscha, has seven churches 

 and 3000 inhabitants. 



TULA, the capital of the government of Tula in European Russia, 

 situated in 54 15' N*. lat., 37 25' E. long., at the confluence of the 

 Tulitza and the I.' pa, is an important commercial and manufacturing 

 town. It has 51,000 inhabitants, 28 churches, two monasteries, with 

 a seminary and a gymnasium, a theatre, a foundling hospital, and a 

 house of correction : there is likewise an institution, called the Alexan- 

 drium, for the education of children of noble families. The imperial 

 manufactory of arms, founded by Peter the Great in 1712, is the most 

 extensive and important in the empire. Cutlery of various kinds is 

 also manufactured here. There are in Tula numerous tanneries and 

 breweries, manufactories of Russian leather, candles, soap, beet-root, 

 sugar, and great tallow-melting houses, besides manufactories of 

 woollens, linen, sealing-wax, paint, and Prussian blue. There is a 

 very great trade in all these articles, as well as in corn and hemp. 

 The two annual fairs are much frequented. 



TULLA, or TULLAQH, Clare county, Ireland, a market-town, and 

 the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated on an eminence, in 52 52' 

 N. lat, 8 43' W. long., distant by road 124 miles E. by N. from 

 Kunis, 140 miles W.S.W. from Dublin. The population in 1851 was 

 1215, besides 659 in public institutions. Tulia Poor-Law Union 

 comprises 18 electoral divisions, with an area of 84,723 acres, and a 

 population in 1341 of 28,703, in 1851 of 19,248. The town contains a 

 ruall plain church, a neat Roman Catholic chapel, a Church Education 

 school, National schools, a glebe-house, court-house, dispensary, bride- 

 well, and Union workhouse. Quarter and petty sessions are held in 

 the town. Fairs are held May 13th, September 4tb, and October 1st 



TULLAMORE, Ireland, the chief town of King's County, a market- 

 town, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated on the Grand 

 Canal, in 53' 17' N. lat, 7 26' W. long., distant 09 miles W. by S. 

 from Dublin by road. The population in 1851 wai 4630, besides 

 : public institutions. Tullamora Poor-Law Union comprises 

 29 electoral divisions, with an area of 155,395 acres, and a population 

 in 1841 of 53,861, in 1851 of 41,158. 



The town stands in a small fertile district near the centre of the 

 Bog of Allen, from the moors of which it took its name. The opening 

 of the Grand Canal, and its subsequent extension to the Shannon, 

 and the county business, which was transferred from 1'hilipstown 

 about the year 1830, have given increasing importance to the town. 

 It is a seat, clean, well-arranged place. The Tullamore River, which 

 passes through the town, is crossed by a neat bridge. The pariah 

 church, which occupies an eminence a quarter of a mile from the 

 M a handsome building, with a pinnacled tower. There are a 

 . Catholic chapel, a convent of the sisters of mercy, two chapels 

 for Methodists, two Free schools, National schools, and a savings bank. 



The town possesses a handsome court-house of Grecian architecture, 

 the county jail, a castellated building on the radiating plan, the 

 town-hall and market-house, constabulary and military barracks, 

 canal stores, the county infirmary, and the Union workhouse. Large 

 sales of grain are made at the weekly markets. By the Grand Canal 

 barges for goods and swift passenger-boats ply daily to and from. 

 Dublin. There are two breweries, a large distillery, and two tanneries 

 in tho place. The assizes for the county and quarter and petty 

 sessions are held in the town. Fairs are held six times a year. 

 TULLE. [COBBLE.] 



TULLIBODY. [CLACKMAS.VANSHntE.] 



TULLINS. [IsiBE.] 



TULLOW. [CABLOW, County of.] 



TUNBRIDGK. [TO.XBBIDGB.] 



TUNIS, one of the Barbary States, situated in the central part of 

 the northern coast of Africa, and forming a province of the Turkish 

 empire, is bounded N. and E. by the Mediterranean, W. by French 

 Africa, and S. by the Beled el-Jerid. Its greatest length from north 

 to south is about 300 miles, while its breadth from west to east varies 

 from 65 to 140 miles. The area is about 30,000 square miles. In 

 this estimate the country south of 33 N. lat., which is part of the 

 Sahara, is not included. 



Occupying the countries formerly known as Zeugitana and Byzacium, 

 and projecting towards the centre of the Mediterranean to within 

 80 miles of Sicily, Tunis is important, not ouly on account of its 

 position, but for the ports it possesses on a coast measuring about 

 400 miles. These advantages made its inhabitants a warlike and com- 

 mercial people in the time of the Carthaginians, the strength of the 

 barbarians and the Saracens against Southern Europe in the middle 

 ages, and an unceasing annoyance to the Christian states after it fell 

 into the banu'j of the Moslem pirates in the 1 6th century. 



That portion of the country which is situated north of 36 N. lat., 

 is in general hilly, in parts mountainous, but there are also several 

 plains of some extent The southern districts however, which com- 

 prehend more than three-fourths of the area, are level ; such ridges 

 as occur are neither extensive nor elevated, with the exception of the 

 Jebel Ussalat 



Sta-C<xut. The northern coast, from the boundary-line of Tunis 

 and Algiers to lias Sidi Ali-el-Mekki, or Cape Farina, is rocky and 

 high. The western part of it, as far as lias al-Mun-Shikhar, or Cape 

 Sent, is steep, and the mountains near it rise to a considerable 

 elevation : it 11 also mostly wooded, but east of that promontory the 

 coast is much lower, and in many parts considerable tracts of barren 

 sand extend from the summits of the hills to the water's edge. The 

 most eastern portion, which lies east of Ras Sidi Booshusha, or Cape 

 Zibeeb, contains ouly hills, most of which are covered with large 

 plantations of olives, between which there are a few tracts of yellow 

 sand. 



The coast here takes a sudden direction to the southward into the 

 Buy of Biserta, so called from the former town of that name (now 

 Bcnzart), the Jlijipo-Zarytut of the ancients, situated upou a narrow 

 channel which connects the waters of two magnificent lakes with 

 tbe sea. It was formerly the safest seaport of Northern Africa, and 

 was a great naval station of tho Barbary corsairs ; but the channel is 

 now choked up by neglect, and the town, although governed by an 

 agha, and containing 10,000 or 12,000 people, presents the miserable 

 remains of a place which flourished at no very remote period. Farther 

 to the east, about 10 miles, is the headland called lias Zibeeb; and 

 14 miles beyond this Cape Farina (sometimes called Capo di Guardia), 

 the Promontorium Apollinis of the ancients, forms the western limit 

 of the gnat Gulf of Tunis : its Moorish name is lias Sidi Ali-el- 

 Mekki 



The coast of the Bay of Tunis, from Raj Sidi Ali-el-Mekki to Ras 

 Gbamart, is low and generally swampy. But along that projecting 

 tract on which the ruins of Carthage are found the coast is rocky, 

 though in general slightly elevated above the sea. [CAiiTiiAiiF..] The 

 shores of the innermost recess of the Bay of Tunis are low, and iu 

 many parts marshy. From Ras Zafran to Ras Addar, or Cape Bon, 

 and thence to Ras Mustapha, tbe coast is alternately rocky and high, 

 and low and swampy. 



A few miles within Ras Sidi Ali-el-Mekki the river Mejerdah, the 

 ancient Bagradas, falls into the sea through a lagoon, commonly 

 called Port Farina, upon which stands the once populous town of 

 Ghar-et-AtilaA, with its ports, moles, dockyard, and arsenal ; where, 

 at the beginning of the present century, large frigates rode at anchor : 

 but the decline of the Moorish power and the filling up of the port 

 by the alluvium of the river have left it a deserted place, more 

 wretched than Biserta. At the eastern limit of the Gulf of Tunis 

 and beyond the two small islands of Zembnc, or Zowamores, which 

 lie at the entrance of the gulf, is Cape Bon (lias Addar), the Pro- 

 montorium Mercurii of the ancients. The coast here takes a sudden 

 direction to the south, as far as Ras-el-Zargiss, the frontier of the 

 kingdom of Tripoli. 



From lias Mustapha to Ras-el-Mahmoor the coast is low and gene- 

 rally swampy, being formed by the alluvial deposit brought down 

 from the adjacent hills by numerous torrents. A tract of low and 

 rocky coast extends from Ras-el-Mahmoor to Hammamct, and it is 

 followed by a low sandy coast, which occupies the interior of tb.9 



