. [TO :'.\ I* 



TUKlvKV. 



918 



TUK8TALL. .. 



TUXSTE.VD, hoodnd m the county of Norfolk, which, with the 

 gJB-faj-ff hundred of H*pf*rt " be * oomtitutwl a Poor-Law 

 UiisaV "The twu hundml* ooiupriM 43 pariahf*. with an area of 

 Utt acre*, and a population in ISil of 18,525. Tunitead and 

 Ihfiilaw Poor Uw Unioo cooUin* 41 pariabea, with ao area of 02,007 

 ana. aod a population iu 1861 of 15,014. 



Tl'KKNNK. ICoatM.] 



TUUKKY. TfUKS. Turkey U an empire aituated in Kurop, 

 JUu, and Africa, Th aerentl portion* of which it conauU have 

 IMB dmcribed under UM head* AXATOUA, AUUEHIA, BAGHDAD, 

 BcuiAUA, CAXDIA. EGYIT, HUM Iu. STRIA, Ac. Betide* thoac exten- 

 sive province* which are under tb immediate aovewignty of the 

 Svlun. this empire contain* UM following va*aal *UUs : MOLDAVIA ; 

 WALLACBIA; Suvu ; EGTR; TUM; TRIPOLI. These vataal state* 

 Bamako DMO treated under their Mvaral bead*. 



The Turkish empire U divided into eyalete or general governments 

 rach administered by a paaha, who i* generally styled Vali, or vice- 

 roy. The eyakU are divided into Livaa, governed by Kaimakans, 

 or liraUnaut-goveroor*. The Livat are aubdivided into Caxas, or 

 dirtftrfT. and the*e again into Nahigi*, or communes, coiitainitig 

 village* and hamlet*. 



Turkey in Kuropo contain* 15 EyaUU divided into 43 Livaa, and 

 376 Can*. Turkey in Aaia i* divided into 18 EyaleU, 78 Liva*, and 

 8M Caaa* ; Turkey in Africa into 3 KyaleU, 1 7 Li van, and 86 Cazas. The 

 following table give* the name* of the Kyalet*. with t ho chief town 

 of each, extracted from M. Ubicini's recent work upon Turkey : 



A general extimate of the population in 1844 made the inhabitants 

 anoont in round number* to 35,350,000, distributed as follows among 

 the great popular diviciou* of the empire : 



The number* of the different race* of which the population is com- 

 posed are given a* follow* : 



Ia Europe. 



: .- . 



10,700,000 



I. 

 . 



20,000 



213,000 

 90.000 



. 



In Africa, 



, 







Total. 



12,800,000 



2,000,000 



1, 4011,11110 



190,000 



0,200,000 



i.UOO.OOO 



1,SOO,000 



36,000 



4,700,000 



233,000 



30,000 



1,000,000 



83,000 



214,000 



1 " 



With regard to religion the olawifkaUon is a* follow* : 



The total area of the Ottoman empire, including the tributary 

 provinces, i* estimated at 1,220,000 aquare miles, of which about 

 oUO.UOO are iu Europe, 560,000 in Aaia, and 360,000 are in Africa. 



With regard to the administrative division of the empire it 

 be observed, that neither the eyalete nor the aaujaka, or livaa, havo 

 such invariable limits as provinces in Europe usually have ; ami with 

 regard to the population, it i* clear that, deducting the number.- 1 

 opposite the tributary but almost independent states of Servia, Mol- 

 davia, Wallachia, Egypt, Tripoli, and Tunis, the inhabitants aubject 

 to the Porte do not much exceed 26 millions. 



Government The Sultan of Turkey is absolute in this sense, that 

 there is no political body in the empire which has any recognised power 

 to check his will : but he is obliged to reign conformably to the religious, 

 political, and civil principles contained in the Koran ; conformably to 

 the Suuua, or the words of Mohammed preserved by tradition ; and to 

 the unanimous decision of the assembly of the ulrmas (wise uieu), iu 

 which the mufti presides; and conformably to the Kauun-namc. The 

 Kan uu-uarue is a kind of code containing decisions and institutions which 

 have been made since the beginning of the empire, and confer 1 

 to the Koran. This legislation is also called ' Urf i,' or the arbitrary 

 legislation, because it treats of such matters as have only been decide. I 

 in a general way by Mohammed. However, aa the princi| 

 absolute monarchy contained ia the Koran are very large, and tliu 

 Sultan is the chief of the Mohammedan religion as successor of the 

 kalifs, his power is less checked by law than it U by custom, by 

 public opinion, and by the rebellious spirit of his subjects. 



The civil and religious law having only one source, the Koran, the 

 highest dignitary is the ilufti, or Sheik-ul-islam, who U the supreme 

 authority with regard to the legality of religious, civil, and political 

 acts : he is the patriarch and the high chancellor of the empire. The 

 Sultan does not declare war nor conclude peace : nor does he under- 

 take anything of importance without previously asking the mufti and 

 his ulemas 'if it is conformable to the law;' and the mufti decides 

 the matter by a fetwa. Ulema is the general name of theologians and 

 jurists, who are bound to aid the mufti with their advice when he 

 summons them to his assemblies. 



State dignities are of two classes Dignities of the Pen and Digni- 

 ties of the Sword. Dignities of the Pen ara divided into three classes, 

 namely, Rijdl, Khoja.and Agha. The members of the class llijal 1'oriu 

 the Sublime Porte of the grand-vizir, or the state ministry and stato 

 council, the president of which is the grand-vizir. Under him are the 

 kiaya-bey, or minister for home affairs ; the reis-efendi, or fureig.i 

 minister ; the chaush-bashi, or minister of the executive power. The 

 members of the class Khojst form the porte of the defterdar, or tho 

 ministry of finance, the director of which ia the first defterdar. Under 

 him are the second and the third defterdar ; the uishauji-baahi, or 

 secretary of state for the Sultan's signature (seal-keeper) ; and the 

 defter-emiui, or the superintendent of the office of nuance, who have 

 the ruuk of ministers. The ministers have the title of Vizir, and their 

 assembly is called the Di wan. To the class of Agha belong, or belonged, 

 several military and civil officers, such as the boatanji-baslii, or com- 

 mander of tho guard of tha gardens within the seraglio; the topji- 

 bashi, or commander of the artillery ; the i an ';il. iu or bearer of the 

 standard of the prophet ; the ihtiaab-aghn, or prefect of the public 

 markets; the kapijiler-kiayazi, or great chamberlain; and others. 

 Several of these functions have been abol 



To the crass of Dignities of the Sword belong the governors of the 

 eyaleta, or hejler-beys, who are j aahas of two tails; the governors of 

 the aoujaks, or livas, who are pashas of one tail ; and the governors 

 of subdivisions of the livas, who are not pashas, but only IH-VB. Tho 

 vizirs are pashas of three tails, and so is the serasker, or ^ 

 marshal ; but the rank of a vizir is often given to the governors of 

 eyalets, and the governors of the sanjaks aro very often pashas of two 

 tail*. The governor of au eyalet has always a sanjuk, or sometimes 

 several, of which he U also the governor; and he has little authority 

 over the subordinate governors. Tho pashas combine the functions of 

 military commander*, of judges, and <>!' receivers of the taxes. 



The late sultan, Mahinud II., made great changes with regard to the 

 high functions of the empire. A considerable number of subordinate 

 placet, especially iu the porte of the defterdar (finance) Wiwabm. 

 and important changes were made concerning the rank of the different 

 functionaries, who all wear a kind of European uuilorm. The changes 

 in the army were radical : the Janissaries were exte: ;d the 



regular troops received a Europian organisation. The gener.U-field- 

 uiarsbal has still the name of Serasker, or Serasker- Pasha. The second 

 in rank ia now tho Beyler-Bey Vizir, or the commander of the Sultan's 



