TUSCANY. 



TUSCANY. 



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borax. Mlphur, alum, and anchovies, which are Ashed off the coast 

 Nearly lk wkoU tnuW of Tuscany with other countries U carried on 

 thru<h the pott of Leghorn, which U aUo a gnat mart or exchange 

 1 r all kind* of foreign produce. [Livoaxa] Horned cattle are not 

 TOT DaoMroo* io Tuscany ; the sheep an reckoned at 600,000 ; moat 

 of the took* migrate in the autumn from the highland* to pa** the 

 winter in the Msremme. Cheaee U made of ewe*' ai well ai goats' 

 milk. The common bone U of an inferior kind ; some studs how- 

 vr keep up a superior breed. The anee are strong and fine. Pigs 

 are reared in great number in the wood* of the Ifaremme, where they 

 feed npon acorn*. A herd of about 200 camels is kept up on the 

 grand-duoal farm of San Rowore near Pisa, and is said to have been 

 perpetuated there ever since the time of the Crusades. Game of most 

 kiwis is abundant 



The mineral products are iron, from the island of Elba, copper, 

 bad. marble, sulphur, rock-salt, alabaster, alum, and sea-salt 



The manufactures of Tuscany consist of woollen-cloths, woollen 

 cap* for the Lerant ; hemp and linen-cloth ; thread-silk, and silk-stuffs, 

 paper, glass, leather, wax, coral, which is gathered on the coast of 

 Barbary and worked at Leghorn ; iron-ware, alabaster vases and other 

 ornaments, china, and dellt-ware. Tho straw-plat manufacture has 

 greatly declined. 



The grand-duchy of Tuscany is divided into compartiuieuti, or 

 provinces, each adminUtered by a provveditore, or prefect The 

 province* are divided into communes. Each commune is presided over 

 by a municipal officer styled gonfalouiere. For the judicial adminis- 

 tration there is in every commune a magistrate, called in some places 

 vicario, and in other* podesta ; there are primary courts for civil and 

 criminal affairs, in each of the principal towns ; high courts, or courts 

 of appeal, at Florence and Lucca ; and lastly, a supreme court, or 

 court of cassation at Florence, which watches over the whole judici- 

 ary administration. In commercial affairs there are tribunals of 

 commerce at Florence and Leghorn. A board at Florence directs the 

 polio* of the whole grand-duchy ; there are commissaries of police 

 in the principal towns, and a police-force (Sbirri) scattered about 

 various points of tin country. 



The military establishment amounts to about 15,000 men, including 

 the polio* and frontier and coast-guard. The commercial marine num- 

 bered 929 vessels, of all sizes, carrying 50,178 tons, in 1854. 



The yearly public revenue of Tuscany amounted in 1854 to 

 35,307,400 lira, the expenditure to 37,037,500 lire. The income is 

 derived chiefly from customs, land-tax, income-tax, stamps, govern- 

 ment monopoly of nalt and tobacco, lotteries, and crown demesnes. 

 I "revisions on entering the walled towns pay an ' octroi,' or duty, at 

 the gates, as in France. 



The grand duke of Tuscany is an independent sovereign. He is 

 absolute, but he governs according to the established laws, customs, 

 and precedents : he is assisted by a ministry and a council of state, 

 composed of bis secretaries of state. He keeps charges d'affaires at 

 the courts of Austria, France, and the Porte. At the other courts he 

 u represented by the imperial minister of Austria. Tuscan consuls 

 are appointed to all the principal ports of Europe, the Levant, and 

 America. 



The Roman Catholic U the established religion of Tuscany, and is 

 professed by all Tuscan subjects, with the exception of the Jewish 

 population, which amounts to about 7000 individuals, chiefly at 

 Leghorn and Florence. Foreigners of other Christian communions 

 are tolerated, but proselytUm among the subjects of the grand-duke 

 is punished. The church establishment of Tuscany consists of four 

 archbishops (Florence, Lucca, Pisa, and Siena) and about twenty 

 bishops. There are many collegiate churches, besides cathedrals, 

 about 200 convent* and monasteries, and about 60 conservator), or 

 bouse* for female education attached to convents, under the direction 

 of nuns. The regular and secular clergy number about 16,000. 



Then sre grammar schools at Florence, and all the other principal 

 town*. They aril kept by the fathers of the Scolopian order (Scholarum 

 I'ivum), and are attended by about 2500 students : the instruction is 

 gratuitous There are betide, Collegj Convitti, or schools for boarders, 

 a* well a* for day students, in most of the towns, and attended by 

 above 1000 student*; they are mostly under the direction of the same 

 order, who are the chief instructor* of the Tuscan youth. In every 

 diocese there is at least one clerical seminary for those who study for 

 the church, and several of them also admit external or day students. 

 Lutlv, the two universities of Pisa and Siena are attended, the former 

 by about 550 tud.nts, the latter by about one-half that number. 

 tins* universities has four faculties divinity, jurisprudence, 

 BMdksM and surgery, and the physico-mathematical sciences and 

 confer* degree* in each of thew faculties. 



I" Awation is afforded by the Conservator), or boarding- 

 h are directed by nuns. There is one or more of these 

 establishments in every town. Severs! of them have at the same time 

 a charity day-school for poor girls. In Florence and other principal 

 towns there are Educatorj, or houtes of education attached to several 

 convents for Udie* of the higher classes, who have the assistance of 

 able teachers and professors. That of L'Annunciata at Florence is 

 oac of the best : H contains generally about 100 pupils, and the expense 

 * each i* about lOOt sterling a year. The systtrn of domestic iustruc- 

 .. i is also common among the rich. For the general education of the 



people there is a primary school in every commune of Tuscany ; a 

 secondary school in every town with a population of 4000 ; and 

 lyceuins in Florence, Lucca, Leghorn, Pisa, Siena, and Arezzo. Private 

 instruction U free, but subject to government inspection. The public 

 schools are under the care of a minister of instruction ; religious 

 teaching U in the hands of the clergy. Among the special schools we 

 must mention the Academy of the Fine Arts at Florence, and the 

 College of Medicine and Surgery attached to the hospital of Santa 

 Maria Nuova in the same city. The education of youths of noble 

 families is generally pursued at the colleges for the nobility, the prin- 

 cipal of which is the Coll>gio Tolomei at Siena, directed by the Scolopian 

 fathers. The Tuscan nobility has produced in all ages men distinguished 

 for learning, and for their patronage of learning. Owing to the dif- 

 fusion of education, industry, and commerce, and to the thrifty habits 

 of the people, and the subdivision of property, the middle classes are 

 more numerous and have more influence in Tuscany than in other 

 parts of Italy ; the mercantile class enjoys great consideration. 



Charitable institutions are numerous, including hospitals for the 

 infirm, foundling hospitals, orphan asylums, workhouses, monti-di- 

 ' pieta, infant asylums, and societies of charitable persons who assist the 

 sick poor, relieve prisoners, give portions to poor girls being married, 

 afford instruction to children, distribute clothes and other necessaries 

 to the indigent, and bury the dead. The Jewish population at 

 Leghorn have their own charitable institutions and schools. 



The principal states of Europe and America have representatives 

 at Florence, and consuls from all the great commercial nations and 

 cities of the Christian world reside in Leghorn. Railways connect 

 Florence with Pisa one running through Pistoja and Lucca, the other 

 through Empoli and Poutedera. From Pisa a line runs down the coast 

 to Leghorn, and from Empoli another line runs south-cast to Siena. 

 Steamers ply from Leghorn to Naples, Marseille, and other ports of 

 the Mediterranean. 



ffiotory. A sketch of the ancient history of the country is given 

 under ETIIURIA. After the fall of the Western Empire, Etruria became 

 a province of the kingdom of the Goths, and afterwards of the Lon- 

 gobards. Under the Longobards it was divided into Tuscia Regni, 

 which included the duchies of Lucca, Florence, and Clusium ; and 

 Tuscia Longobardorum, which comprised the duchy of Castro, the 

 present papal province of Viterbo. Gradually the name of Tuscia, or 

 Tuscany, became restricted to the former division only. Under 

 Charlemagne and his successors Tuscany was administered by mar- 

 quises, from whom was descended Matilda, daughter of Count 

 Bouifaco III., who during a long life was a strenuous supporter of 

 the Holy See against the German emperors, and enriched it by 

 large donations of territory. Matilda died in 1115, leaving no issue, 

 and the series of the marquises of Tuscany ended with her; for 

 though the emperors of Germany as kings of Italy continued for a 

 time to appoint imperial vicars in Tuscany, their authority was little 

 more than nominal, as the republics of Florence, Pisa, Sieua, Arezzo, 

 Pistoja, and Lucca divided the country among them. [FLOii 

 PISA ; SIENA.] Florence, having conquered Pisa, became the pre- 

 dominant power in Tuscany. After the fall of the republic in 1530, 

 Charles V. appointed Alessandro de' Medici, an illegitimate son of 

 Lorenzo, duke of Urbino, to be duke of Florence. Alessandro was 

 murdered by his cousin Lorenzino de' Medici in January 1537 ; but 

 the party of the Medici, headed by Guicciardini, the historian, pro- 

 claimed Cosmo de' Medici, son of Giovanni. Cosmo was the founder 

 of the grand-ducal dynasty of Tuscany, having united Siena to his 

 other dominions, 



1574. Cosmo died, and was succeeded by his sou Francis I. 1587. 

 Francis died without issue, and was succeeded by his brother Fer- 

 dinand I., who was the great benefactor of Leghorn. 1609. Ferdinand 

 died, and was succeeded by his son Cosmo II., who, in defending the 

 coast against the Barbary corsairs, obtained various successes at sea. 

 1621. Cosmo II. died, and was succeeded by his sou Ferdinand II., 

 whose long reign was an age of decline for Tuscany. 1670. Ferdinand 

 was succeeded by his son Cosmo III., under whom the condition of 

 Tuscany continued to decline. 1723. Cosmo was succeeded by his 

 son Gian Gastone, a debauchee, who died without issue, and with him 

 ended the grand-ducal dynasty of Medici. He was succeeded, accord- 

 ing to an agreement between the great powers, by Francis, duke of 

 Lorraine and Bar, whose territories were given to Stanislas Leczinski 

 (ex-king of Poland). Francis married the archduchess Maria Theresa, 

 daughter and heiress of Charles VI. of Austria, emperor of Germany. 

 Tuscany was governed by a regency, while Francis and Maria Theresa 

 resided chiefly at Vienna. 



1765. Francis II. of Tuscany and I. of Germany died. His eldest 

 son Joseph succeeded him as emperor of Germany, and his second son 

 Leopold succeeded him as grand-duke of Tuscany. The reign of 

 Leopold I. will ever be memorable in the history of Tuscany as n 

 period of revival of industry and prosperity, of improvement in every 

 department of administration, of order, peace, and an enlightened 

 legislation. 



1700. Leopold having succeeded his brother Joseph II. as emperor 

 of Germany and sovereign of the Austrian dominions, and his eldest 

 son Francis being thereby hereditary prince of the Austrian monarchy, 

 the grand-ducal crown of Tuscany devolved upon his second son, 

 Ferdinand III., who followed the wise and liberal system of adminis- 



