937 



TUSCULUM. 



TYROL. 



933 



tration pursued by his father. In the war of the French revolution 

 he strove to remain neutral, bat Bonaparte (1796) disregarded the 

 neutrality of Tuscany. The grand-duke however retained a precarious 

 possession of Tuscany till 1799, when the French Executive Directory 

 ordered the occupation of Tuscany by its troops, and the grand-duke 

 was obliged to withdraw to Germany. By the peace of Luneville 

 (1801). between France and Austria, Ferdinand renounced Tuscany, 

 which Bonaparte gave to Don Ludovico Bourbon, hereditary prince of 

 Parma, with the name of 'kingdom of Etruria.' In 1803 Ludovico 

 died, and his widow, Maria Luisa of Spain, became regent of Tuscany 

 in the name of her son, a minor. 



In 1808 Napoleon I. united Tuscany to the French empire, of which 

 it formed three new departments, Arno, Ombrone, and Hediterranee. 

 Napoleon's sister Eliza, the princess Baciocchi, was placed at the head 

 of the administration, with the title of Grand-Duchess. In 1814 

 however Tuscany was occupied by the allied troops ill the name of 

 Ferdinand III., who returned to Florence in September. 



1815. The congress of Vienna confirmed the possession of Tuscany 

 to the grand-duke Ferdinand and his successors, and annexed to it the 

 whole of the island of Elba, and some other territories. To Maria 

 Luisa, ex-queen of Etruria, as guardian of her son, was assigned the 

 duchy of Lucca, to revert to Tuscany on the death of the arch- 

 duchess Maria Louisa of Austria. This event took place in 1817, and 

 Lucca has since been incorporated with Tuscany. 



Ferdinand, after his restoration, applied himself to the internal 

 improvement of his territories, especially by the drainage of the Val 

 di Chiana and the Val di Nievole. He died in 1824, and was succeeded 

 by his son Leopold IL The new grand-duke continued the system of 

 progressive improvement by draining the marsh of Caatiglione and 

 other marshes which corrupted the atmosphere of the Maretnme, 

 opening new roads, embanking rivers, extending the privileges of a 

 free port to the suburbs of Leghorn, supplying that important town 

 with wholesome water by means of an aqueduct, and by other 

 measures of like utility. He also reformed the judiciary adminis- 

 tration, established new tribunals, encouraged popular education as 

 well as scientific instruction, and issued several useful legislative and 

 economical enactments. Tuscany, under his rule, continued to be the 

 happiett, quietest, and most free country in Italy till 184S. In the 

 anarchical tempest that followed the French revolution of 1848, the 

 grand-duke was obliged to fly from his states, and a republic was 

 established for a time in Florence. In the following year however 

 Ferdinand was restored to his states by the Austrian army, which 

 continued to occupy the country for several years. Since his restora- 

 tion, the grand-duke Leopold bai greatly abridged the political 

 privileges of his subjects. 

 TUSCL'LUM. [FRAICATI.] 

 TUTBUKY. [STAFFORDSHIRE.] 

 TUXFORD. [NoTTWonAJisniiiE.] 

 TUXTLA. [MEXICO.] 

 TUY. (OtuctA, Sptmuk.] 

 TUZ, LAKE. [ANATOLIA.] 

 TUZLA. [BOSNIA.] 

 TWEED. [BKRwicuanu.1 

 TWEEDMOUTH. [BERWICK.] 



TWER, a government of Great Rossis, is situated between 56* and 

 68 47' N. lat, 31 46' and 38* 20' E. long. It is bounded N. by 

 Novogorod, E. by YarosUv and Wladimir, S. by Moscow and Smolensk, 

 and W. by Pskow. The area is 25,886 square miles; the population 

 in 1846 amounted to 1,327,700. This government, especially the 

 northern part, is an elevated table-land ; there are no mountains, the 

 Wullamilcy Forest, which covers the greater part of the circle of 

 Ostuschkow, is but a range of hills, in which however many rivers 

 have their source, among which is the Volga. This chain rests on 

 limestone, and consists almost entirely of an impenetrable forest, in 

 which there are extensive morasses ; some offsets extend into the neigh- 

 bouring country, which are scarcely more elevated than the banks of 

 the river. Besides the Volga, which becomes navigable before it passes 

 into the government of Yaroslav, there are numerous rivers, the chief 

 of which are the Dwina, the Wusnga, the Twerza, the Sestra, the 

 Soscha, and the Mologa. The canal of Wvschnei-Wolotschok unites 

 the Volga and the Neva. There are many lakes ; the most considerable 

 is the Seliger, which covers an area of 76 square miles. The climate 

 is healthy, but variable. The rivers generally freeze by the beginning of 

 December and thaw towards the end of March. Agriculture and cattle 

 breeding are the general occupations of the inhabitants. The soil is 

 poor, and the produce is scarcely more than sufficient for the home con- 

 sumption. Rye, barley, and oats are cultivated, but little wheat. Much 

 flax and hemp are grown. Fruit is scarce. Timber is very fine and 

 abundant. Bears, wolves, foxes, badgers, and martens are numerous ; 

 fish are very plentiful The population consists almost wholly of Rus- 

 sians. Except in the towns there are no manufactures. Many hands are 

 employed, in the country in the sawing-mills, brick-kilns, ship-building, 

 aud in land and water carriage. The transit trade between the southern 

 provinces and the Baltic ports and St. Petersburg is important 



The chief town, Tver, w situated in 66 62' N. lat, 35* 48' E. long., 

 on the right bank of the Volga, which is here joined by the Twerza 

 and the Tmaka : population 24,000. Twer is surrounded with pallisode*, 

 which are closed by barrier", and consists of three parts : the fortress 



lying between the Volga and the Tmaka, which is surrounded with a 

 rampart; the city, which is divided by the rivers into four parts, 

 united by three bridges ; and the suburb. After a great fire in 1763, 

 the empress Catherine II. caused it to be rebuilt in its present regular 

 form. There are in the city a cathedral, 28 churches, 2 convents, a 

 bazaar (which contains 400 shops), a palace, a theatre, a foundling 

 asylum, an hospital, and various establishments for education, among 

 which are a gymnasium, a school for 120 young noblemen, and an eccle- 

 siastical seminary for 700 students, who are instructed in the sciences 

 and the classics. The inhabitants manufacture linen, leather, hard- 

 ware, and candles, and carry on an extensive trade. 



Among the other towns are Nichae- Wladimir, population 10,000 ; 

 Tortckok, 15,000; Witeknei- WoUtochok. 6500; OttatcMcow, 6500; and 

 Kuschin, 4000. 



TWERTON. [SOMERSETSHIRB.1 



TWICKENHAM. [MIDDLESEX!] 



TWYFORD. [HAMPSHIRE.] 



TYLDESLEY. [LANCASHIRE.] 



TYNEMOUTH, Northumberland, a village, and the seat of a Poor- 

 Law Union, in the parish of Tynemoutb, is situated on the left bank 

 of the river Tyne near its mouth, in 55 1' N. lat, 1 25' W. long., 

 distant 8 miles E. by N. from Newcastle, 280 miles N.N.W. from 

 London by road, and 287 miles by the Great Northern and York 

 Newcastle and Berwick railways. The population of the township of 

 Tynemouth in 1851 was 14,483; that of the parliamentary and 

 municipal borough, was 29,170 in 1851. The living of Tynemouth 

 is a vicarage, with the curacy of North Shields annexed, in the arch- 

 deaconry of Northumberland and diocese of Durham. Tynemouth 

 Poor- Law Union contains 24 parishes and townships, with an area of 

 39,737 acres, aud a population in 1851 of 64,248. 



Tynemouth Castle occupies a peninsula on the left bank of the 

 mouth of the Tyne. In the time of William the Conqueror, the 

 peninsula was inclosed on the land side by a wall and a ditch ; the 

 place was afterwards more completely fortified, and was known as 

 Tynemouth Castle. The castle was taken from the Royalists in 

 1644, by the Scotch. It was restored and garrisoned by the Par- 

 liament, but the garrison having revolted, the place was stormed by 

 a parliamentary force from Newcastle, under Sir Arthur Hozelrig. 

 The gateway tower of the castlo on the west or land side is in 

 tolerably good condition, and the circuit of the walls appears to be 

 entire. There are considerable remains of the priory church. It was 

 used as the parish church until the time of Charles IL, wheu a new 

 church was built at North Shields, distant a mile to the west There 

 are also a chapel of ease and a chapel for Wesleyan Methodists. A 

 lighthouse and some other modern buildings are within the area of 

 the castle ; and near it is a fort to command the entrance of the 

 river. The village of Tynemouth consists chiefly of one long street 

 Rope-making is carried on. The place is much resorted to in the 

 bathing season. There are here a Natural History society and a 

 savings bank. A house of correction is at Tynemouth. 



TYRE. [TrRoV) 



TYROL, a crownland of Austria, lies between 45 40' and 47* 44' 

 N. lat, 9 32' and 12 65' E. long. On the west of Tyrol there is a 

 portion of Austrian Italy and of Switzerland, from which it is divided 

 by an uninterrupted chain of high mountains [SWITZERLAND], and the 

 Rhine. On the north of the Tyrol is Bavaria ; on this frontier also 

 there are high mountains. East of the Tyrol are the Austrian provinces 

 of Austria and Illyria, from which it is chiefly divided by the conti- 

 nuous ranges which separate the river basins of the Salza and Drau 

 from those of the Inn and Eisuch ; only a small portion of the basin 

 of the Drau it included in the Tyro). The mountains which on the 

 south separate the Tyrol from Italy are frequently interrupted by 

 streams, which escape from the mountain region of the Tyrol by very 

 narrow valleys. 



The crownland includes the Vorarlberg, and is divided into 4 circles, 

 75 arrondissemeuts, and 1093 communes. The area and population 

 of the circles are as follows, according to official returns published in 

 Vienna in 1854 : 



The Tyrol is much more mountainous than Switzerland. One-third 

 of Switzerland is an undulating or hilly plain, but the Tyrol, with the 

 exception of a comparatively small tract, is covered with high moun- 

 *'" on which a great number of summits rise above the 



tun 



snow-line and are surrounded by extensive glaciers. Level tractx, 

 admitting of cultivation with the plough, are found only on the banks 

 of the rivers, where they sometimes attain a width of a mile, and in a 

 few places more, but they are usually not more than half a mile wide. 

 All these tracts taken together do not cover one-tenth of the surface 

 of the country; nine-tenths are occupied by the higher and lower 

 mountain masses of the Alps. 



