TYUOL. 



TYROL. 



Tto TVTU!K> AIM form the MiUrn portion of the Central or 

 The uii*t elevated parts lie along the western Inmu- 

 tho Inn Hirer, and in the gnat chain which run* 



, 



country from mat to east, dividing the water* which run 

 to th Danube, from UIOM that flow southward to the 

 AJmuc, or eastward to the river Drau. The western ohaiu runs 

 jaiBtamiptedly from the Lake of Idro to the Ortlcr Spitz. South of 

 if V K. UU it probably doe* not exceed 7000 feet above the sea-level 

 But Mar 46' V N. Ut. it rises in Monte Adamello to more than 

 11,000 feet, and from thu summit to tho Order Spitz (4G 30' N.Ut.); 

 hardly any portion of the range a free from snow even in the latter 

 part of the summer. The general elevation of this range probably 

 uceede WOO feet above the sea. The Ortler Spiti is the highest 

 summit of the llhsstian Alps, being 12,855 feet above the sea. It is 

 surrounded by other summits, and is always covered with snow. 



The deep and wide valley of the Upper Etsch (Adige), called 

 Vmtaebcau, separatee the mountain muses of the Ortler Spitz from 

 the mountain range which traverses the Tyrol from west to east. This 

 range is divided into two high and elevated mountain masses, which 

 an divided by a large and wide depression, which occurs near 11 30' 

 & long., and through which tho road over the Breuuer passes from 

 Germany to Italy. The mountain region west of this road consists of 

 two extensive and very elevated mountain masses, which are connected 

 by a high ridge. The western mountain mass is called the mountains 

 of the Platey Kiigl, or of the Great Oetzthaler Fernor, and the eastern 

 is named the mountains of tho Wiuacher Feruer. The mountains of 

 the Platey Kugl occupy nearly the whole country between tho Inn 

 and the Achen, a space of nearly 30 miles from south to north, and 

 20 miles from west to east. A considerable portion of thU tract is 

 always covered with snow, from which rise numerous pinnacles, among 

 which the highest arc Mount Qebutsch, 12,'27G feet; the Similaun 

 SpiU, 11,869 feet; and the Great Oetzthaler Feraer, 10,434 feet above 

 the sea-level. This is one of tho most broken portions of the Alps, 

 and the snowy masses are furrowed by only two deep and very narrow 

 valleys. The mountains of the Wiuacher Ferner, or the eastern part 

 of the region, are connected with those of the I'latey Kiigl by a high 

 and narrow ridge, which only in a few places it free from snow in 

 summer. The Wiuacher Mountains also rise above tho snow-line, but 

 the mass is less extensive than that of the Platey Kogl. Several 

 summits rise above 10,000 feet, among which are the Kitzkamp, the 

 \Vinacher Ferner, the Winter Stuben, and the Bock Kogl. 



The depression which occurs east of the Wiuacher Mountains is of 

 considerable extent, for no summit always covered with snow occurs 

 in a space extending more than 18 miles from west to east. No sum- 

 mit of this part of the Tyrolian Alps probably exceeds 7500 feet in 

 height ; and in the middle, near 11 30' E. long., it sinks much lower : 

 the road from Innsbruck to Trent, over the lirenner, is at its highest 

 level (47 K. lat.) not more than 4374 feet above the sea-level. This 

 is the lowest mountain-road across the Alps, and has accordingly 

 become the most frequented line of commercial intercourse between 

 Germany and Italy. Innsbruck is about 1920 and Trent 960 feet 

 above the sea-level. 



Katt of the Brenner the most elevated masses of the Tyrolian Alps 

 constitute an elevated ground running from west to east. Towards 

 it* eastern extremity this high tract constitutes the boundary between 

 the Tyrol and the district of Salzach in Austria. It contains an 

 almost uninterrupted series of snow-capped mountains. The highest 

 summits appear to be the Bohwarumtejn, the Drei Uerrn Spitz, and 

 the Gross Ulockner, which rises to 12,438 feet above the sea-level. 



On the north-west and north of the mountain region hitherto 

 noticed, and separated from them by the valley of the Inn liiver, 

 extends another range, containing the sources of the rivers Lech and 

 Isar, which descend from it northward, and enter the Plain of 

 Bavaria. In this range only a few summits rise above the snow-line. 

 Tho highest are the Arlburg, which is 10,200 feet, and the Great 

 Solstein, which is 9702 feet above the sea-level West of the last- 

 meutioned summit runs the road which leads from the Plain of 

 Bavaria to Innsbruck. 



The mountains which fill up the south-eastern portion of the Tyrol 

 are called the Caruic Alps. They begin on the south-west, on the 

 banks of the KUch. north-west of Verona, and extend partly within 

 the Tyrol, and partly on its boundary-lino with the Lombardo-Venetian 

 kingdom, in a north-eastern direction to the source of the river Drau, 

 where they tarn to the east and leave the Tyrol. Very few summits 

 of this extensive mountain region reach the snow-line. The most 

 elevated is MonUs Marmolata, which rises to 11,500 feet above the 

 sea level. The connection between this range and the Eastern 

 Tyroliao Alps is formed by a moderately elevated and narrow ridge, 

 which occur- n< ir 1 2 1 2' E. long., and separates the sources of the 

 Drau, which flows eastward, from those of the river Uienz, which 

 runs westward and joins tho Kuach at Brixen. On the north thin 

 ridge If connected with the exteuiive snow masses and glaciers which 

 occur south of the Drei Hcrrn Spitz. Over this ridge runs the road 

 which connects the Tyrol with Austria, running from Brixen to Lienz 

 and Illyria, From this another road branches off at Toblach to the 

 southward, which leads over the PenU-Utriner Pass to Treviso and 

 Venice. 

 Tho mountain road over Monte Stilvio, or the Stilfserjocli, was 



constructed by the Austrian government between 1820 and 1825, for 

 thu purpose of estaLlishing a direct communication between tho 

 Tyrol and the Valteline. This road passes over the elevated and snow- 

 covered mountain masses which lie north-west of the Ortler Sptiz, 

 and its highest level rises to 9174 feet above the sea, or nearly 1500 

 feet above the snow-line. It is the loftiest carriage-road in Europe ; 

 but it has been abandoned for a now road constructed since 1853 

 through the de&le of Tonale, the highest part of which is only 6250 

 'eet above the sea-level Thn old road over the Stilvio, besides being 

 exposed to avalanches, was often impassable for mouths on account of 

 the snow. 



The largest rivers of the Tyrol ore the lun [AUSTRIA, vol. i. col 719], 

 and the ADIUK, or Etsch. The Inn enters the Tyrol by a very narrow 

 valley at Fiustermunz. Its course within the Tyrol ia about 100 miles, 

 and it becomes navigable for small river-boats at Telfs, about 20 miles 

 above Innsbruck, and for larger river-boats at Hall, about 8 milea below 

 [nusbrtick. Below Kufsteiu it leaves the Tyrol and enters I'.uvaria. 

 Tho Etsch runs east-south-east, and after its junction with the Eisach, 

 Jelow Botzen, southward, and here begins to be navigated. At I'.i.r- 

 ghetto it leaves the Tyrol and enters Austrian Italy. The navigation 

 of these rivers is difficult, and frequently interrupted by their rapidity, 

 especially after the melting of the snow in the mountains. 



As a great portion of the country, probably one-tenth, is al 

 covered with snow, whilst its most southern valleys are hardly 500 

 feet above the sea-level, the climate of the Tyrol must differ greatly 

 in different places. At Innsbruck the mean temperature of thu 

 winter is 30'5" Fahr., and that of the summer is 64. The mean 

 annual temperature is 49, or one degree less than at London. At 

 Trent the mean annual temperature is 3. 



All those parts which on the north are 7500 feet, and on the south 

 8500 feet above the sea-level, are always covered with snow. Lower 

 down, to an elevation of 6000 feet above the sea, snow is found all tho 

 year round in places which are iiot much exposed to the sun, but in 

 other places the declivities of the mountains are covered with grass 

 and flowers. In the region between 6000 and 5000 feet trees do not 

 grow, but there are some bushes, between which the soil is covered 

 with grass that serves for pasture during two or three months in 

 summer. There are no houses inhabited all the year round at tliU 

 elevation. Fir-trees occur only at on elevation of between 5000 and 

 4000 feet, where a few permanent habitations are found, and somo 

 potatoes and vegetables are cultivated. The winter lasts in this 

 region eight or nine months. Agriculture is carried on with success 

 in all places below 4000 feet. Rye and barley are grown, and potatoes 

 to a considerable extent. Apple- and pear-trees succeed at the eleva- 

 tion of 4000 feet, but plum-trees only up to 3800 feet, and walnut- 

 trees to 3600 feet. The beech is found between 3000 and 4000 feet, 

 and the oak between 1800 and 3000 feet above the sea-level Wheat 

 does not succeed above 3000 feet, and vines only between 800 and 

 1800 feet 



lu the Tyrol, owing to tho great unevcnuess of the surface, the air 

 is in continual motion, and a calm day is a rare occurrence. The 

 southern winds are much feared on account of the effect that they 

 produce on the health, especially in the southern valleys. They are 

 most frequent towards the end of summer and in the beginning of 

 autumn, and dissolve in a few hours an immense quantity of snow, 

 and the volume of water which is thus conveyed to the rivers pro- 

 duces extensive inundations in some parts of the valleys. The most 

 fertile lands ore in the valleys of the Inn and of the Etsch ; the valley 

 of the Etach is the most fruitful. 



Wheat, rye, barley, and oats are cultivated where the climate or 

 stony soil is not unfavourable. In some parts buckwheat is grown to 

 a great extent. Millet is also grown. Indian corn is the principal 

 object of agriculture iu tho valleys on the border of Italy. HOIJS 

 grow wild in the southern districts, where also tobacco is grown. 

 Flax and hemp are cultivated Fruit trees abound iu the southern 

 valleys, and large quantities of fruits are exported to Bavaria. K ear 

 Trent ore plantations of fig-trees, and at Rovercdo chestnuts are very 

 common. In these parts arc also plantations of olive-trees and mul- 

 berry-trees. A considerable quantity of silk is annually collected. 

 Ou the northern shores of the Logo di Guarda are plantations uf 

 oranges, whose fruits get quite ripe. Wine is made in largo quan- 

 tities, and some sorts arc very good, but they do not keep. 



Cattle arc of middling size and numerous : horses are less abundant, 

 and better for the draught than for the saddle. Sheep and goats arc 

 very numerous, but pigs are not much kept. There are chamois, 

 hares, marmots, partridges, and some largo birds of prey, especially 

 eagles. 



The minerals are gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, calamiue, coal, 

 and rock-salt, mines of which are worked near Hall, about eight 

 miles below Innsbruck. In tho southern districts there is a valu- 

 able kind of marble, resembling that of Carrara, which is much 

 rock -1. 



Manufacture! and Trade. Though the inhabitants have a remark- 

 able talcut for mechanical arts, the Tyrol ia not a manufacturing 

 country. The chief industrial products, which are mostly designed 

 for home consumption, aro flaxen-yarn, linen, knit-caps and stockings, 

 baskets, straw-hats, and woodeu ware. Tho transit trade is consider- 

 able, and it is much facilitated by the admirable new roods. Besides 



