UNNA. 



URAL. 



953 



for the year ending June 30th, 1854 (exclusive of a balance in hand 

 from the previous year of 21,942,892 dollars), was 73,549,705 dollars; 

 the toUl expenditure for the same period was 75,354,630 dollars. 

 The entire outstanding public debt, October let, 1854, was 45,640,606 

 dollars. 



The regular army in 1853 comprised in all 964 commissioned officers 

 and 9284 non-commissioned officers and privates. The militia force 

 of the several states amounted to an aggregate of 2,259,037 men, of 

 whom 66,289 were commissioned officers. The navy in 1853 con- 

 sisted of 11 vessels of the line, mounting in all 860 guns, 14 frigates 

 mounting 618 guns, and 49 other vessels, the whole fleet mounting 

 2026 guns. 



(Hitlorict of America by Bancroft, Grahame, Stedman, etc.; Hatory 

 of England by Lord Mahon ; Biographic* of Waihingtmi, Jtferton, etc., 

 by Sparks, Marshall, Irving, Tucker, Ac. ; Seventh Cennu of the United 

 fitatei; Statistical View of the United Slate* ; Official Beporti; American 

 Almanac, 1S55 ; Gazetteer! of United State*, Ac.) 



UXXA. [ARNSBEBO.] 



UNST. [SHETLAND ISLXS.] 



UNTERWALDEX, a canton of Switzerland, and one of the three 

 Waldstatten, or Forest Cantons, which began the Helvetic Confedera- 

 tion, U bounded X. by the Lake of Luzern, W. by Luzern, S. by the 

 Bernese Oberland, and E. by the canton of Uri. The area is 262 

 square miles, and the population 25,133. The canton consists mainly 

 of two great parallel valleys, each about 15 miles in length, running 

 from south to north, and terminating on the southern coast of the 

 Lake of Luzern. The eastern valley is drained by the Engelberg Aa, 

 a torrent which rises in the Surenen Alps on the borders of Uri, flows 

 by the abbey of Engelberg, and enters the lake below Stanz. The 

 western valley is drained by the Sarner Aa, the outlet of the little 

 alpine lake of Lungern, at the foot of the Bninig, near the borders of 

 the Bernese Oberland, and which, after passing through the Lake of 

 Sarnen, enters a bay of the Luzern lake below A 1 punch. The lower 

 part of the eastern valley constitutes the district called Nidwald, or 

 ' below the forest,' and the western valley, with the upper part of the 

 eastern valley, forms the district called Obwald. These denominations 

 relate to the Kernwald, or forest of Kerns, which lies on the borders 

 of the two districts. The Obwald and Xidwald have formed two 

 separate communities ever since 1150. They both joined Schwyz and 

 Uri in the insurrection of 1308, and when tho first federal union was 

 entered into at Brunnen, in December, 1315, Obwald and Xidwald 

 were recognised as forming together one canton, by the name of 

 Unterwalden. 



Unterwalden is surrounded, except on the north side, by offsets of 

 the Alps, which detach themselves from the great central group of the 

 St. Gothanl, and divide the basin of the Aar from that of the Reuse. 

 One branch runs along the southern bonier of the canton, separating 

 it from the Bernese Oberland. Another ridge run* along the eastern 

 part of Unterwalden, and divides it from Un, forming the summits of 

 Titlw (10,500 feet above the sea), Wallcostock, and Rothstock, each 

 above 8000 feet. Lastly, another oflset of minor elevation runs along 

 the western border of Unterwalden, dividing it from the canton of 

 Luzern. Mount Pilatus (about 7000 feet) is the highest summit of 

 this last offset. In the interior of Unterwalden there are no very high 

 mountains, but the surface of the country consists chiefly of hills and 

 terraces, several valleys, and some tract* of plain bordering on the 

 Luzern or Waldstiitter Lake. L'utcrwalden is chiefly a pastoral 

 country. There are about 12,000 cows, 3000 sheep, 6000 goats, 3500 

 pig*, but very few horses. About 20,000 cwtu. of cheese are annually 

 made. The cheese of Unterwalden, of the first or best sort, is much 

 esteemed in Switzerland and Italy. The canton abounds with fruit- 

 tree* : a little bad wine is made. The honey is excellent. The canton 

 Import* corn, wine, salt, manufactures, and colonial articles ; it export* 

 cattle, cheese, butter, timber, and hides. Tho canton is not favourably 

 situated for trade, being confined between the Alp* and the lake, with 

 no high road passing through it, and none but mountain passes leading 

 out of it. All the native inhabitant* who are of age, with the exception 

 of a few hrimatMotm, are members of the landsgemeinde of their 

 respective district, Nidwald or Obwald, each of which has also it* own 

 administration. In 1835 there were as yet no prisons: serious offences 

 r.n- punished by fines, corporal punishment, and in certain cases by 

 death. Each of the two divisions of the canton has an hospital and 

 a poor-house. A dialect of the Swiss-German is the language of the 

 country. The Roman Catholic is the religion of the whole canton. 

 The Benedictine monastery of Engelberg, a foundation of the llth 

 century, and possessed of a library of 20,000 volumes and several 

 valuable manuscript*, ha* been suppressed since the revolution of 1847. 

 Nidwald and Obwald return each one member to the National Council 

 of Switzerland, a* they did also formerly to the Swiss Diet. 



The principal towns or villages are Sarntn, the head town of the 

 Obwald, on the northern extremity of the lake of Sarnen, has a fine 

 town-house, with historical portrait* of the worthies of Obwald. 

 Sarnen das alo a college, a theatre, an hospital, a poorhouse, a public 

 school, several churches, and 1999 inhabitants. The arsenal of Obwald 

 is on the hill called Landenberg, where was once the castle and resi- 

 dence of the Auntrian governors. AVonr, the head town of the Nid- 

 wald, situated in a fine plain at the foot of the mountains, has a splendid 

 pariah church with a noble dome, and a fine square before it, with two 



fountains, and a statue of Winkelried, tho hero of Sempach. The 

 convent of the Capuchins (now suppressed) has a considerable library. 

 The town-house contains several paintings. The population of Stanz 

 is 1877. 



The canton of Unterwalden is one of the most interesting districts 

 of central Switzerland, on account of its historical recollections, and 

 the old simplicity of manners and pastoral habits of its inhabitants. 



UPHAM. [HAMPSHIRE.] 



UPHOLLAND. [LANCASHIRE.] 



UPLAXD. [SWEDEN-.] 



UPMINSTER. [ESSEX.] 



UPPINGHAM, Rutlandshire, a market-town and the seat of a 

 Poor-Law Union, in the parish of Uppingham, is situated in 52 35' 

 X. lat, 43' W. long., distant 7 miles S. by E. from Oaklmui, and 

 89 miles N.W. by N. from London. The population of the town in 

 1851 was 2068. The living is a rectory in the archdeaconry of North- 

 ampton and diocese of Peterborough. Uppingham Poor-Law Union 

 contains 35 parishes and townships, with an area of 52,698 acres, and 

 a population in 1851 of 12,701. Uppingham church is large, with a 

 lofty spire. There arc two chapels for Dissenters. The Grammar 

 school is well endowed, and has several valuable exhibitions. There 

 are also National schools, and an hospital for poor men. A county 

 court is held. The market is on Wednesday, and there are two annual 

 fairs. 



UPSA'LA, a town in Sweden, situated in 59 51' N. lat., 17 30' 

 E. long., in an extensive undulating plain, about 300 feet above the 

 sea-level, and has about 5000 inhabitants. The town, which is large 

 for Sweden, extends over a considerable area, as there are largo 

 gardens to most of the houses. The houses are partly of stone and 

 partly of wood, and mostly two stories high. The streets arc wide 

 and straight, and there is a spacious square in the centre of the 

 town. The cathedral was erected between 1258 and 1435, and is con- 

 sidered the finest gothic building in the north of Europe. It contains 

 monuments of many distinguished persons, among others of Gustavus I. 

 and Linnaeus. Formerly the kings of Sweden were crowned in this 

 cathedral The square in which the church stands is surrounded by 

 buildings belonging to the university, which bos a library containing 

 nearly 100,000 volume*, a collection of coins, an anatomical theatre, 

 an observatory, a chemical laboratory, and a very extensive collection 

 of natural objects. There is also a botanical garden. The university 

 was established in 1478 ; it is governed by a chancellor, and boa four 

 /acuities law, medicine, philosophy, and theology. The number of 

 regular professors amounts to 24, and that of adjunct professors to 

 1 4. The average annual number of student* who attend the lectures 

 is about 1000. The curriculum is modelled on that of the German 

 universities. The Society of Sciences, instituted in 1719, has pub- 

 lished several volumes of ' Transactions.' Upsala has also a grammar 

 school, several charitable institutions, and an agricultural society. 

 About 6 miles S.E. from Upsala aro the ' mora-stoLes,' at which the 

 Swedes elected their kings between 1140 and 1520. 



UPTOX-ON-SEVERN, Worcestershire, a market-town and the seat 

 of a Poor-Law Union, in the parish of Upton, is situated chiefly on 

 the right bank of the river Severn, in 52 4' N. lat, 2 12' W. long., 

 distant 10 miles S. from Worcester, and 111 mile* W.N.W. from 

 London. The population of the parish in 1851 was 2,696. The 

 living is a rectory in the archdeaconry and diocese of Worcester. 

 Upton Poor-Law Union contains 22 parishes and townships, with on 

 area of 53,016 acres, and a population in 1851 of 18,070. 



Upton is a neatly-built town, situated in a flat and fertile plain. 

 The river is here navigable for vessels of 100 tons' burden. There are 

 a basin for barges, and a wharf for loading and unloading. The town 

 is lighted with gas. The market-bouse, assembly-room, and magis- 

 trates' court-room compose one building. The stone bridge of six 

 arches and the old church were injured during the civil ware, and in 

 1756 the church was taken down and the present edifice erected. 

 Tho old gothic tower however still remains. The Wesleyan Method- 

 ist*, Baptists, and Roman Catholics have places of worship. There 

 are National and Infant schools, a mechanics institute, and a savings 

 bank. Petty sessions and a county court are held. Thursday is the 

 market-day. Fairs are held on St Peter's Day and on Mitllent 

 Thursday. 



UPWELL. [NORFOLK.] 



URAL, a river of Russia, which forms part of tho boundary-lino 

 between Europe and Asia. It rises in the Southern Ural, at the foot 

 of Mount Kalyan, near 55 X. lat, at an elevation of 2132 feet above 

 the sea-level. It first runs south about 200 miles in a straight line 

 to the fortress of Orskara, where it turns to the west, in which 

 direction it passes south of the town of Orenburg, and continues to 

 flow about 300 miles in a straight line to the fortress of Uralsk. Near 

 this place it again turns to the south, and reaches in that direction 

 the Caspian Sea after a course of 300 miles, measured in a straight 

 line. The whole course of the river is about 900 miles. The first 

 60 miles it runs in a narrow valley, between the Ural Tau on the 

 west, and the Ilmenes Mountains on the east. At Vcrkh-Urask, 

 where the level of the river is still about 1248 feet above the sea, it 

 begins to be navigable for small boats. South of Verkh-Urask the 

 Ural flows along the eastern base of the table-land of Sakmara, and 

 on the east of it extend the steppes of the Kirghises. At Orskaja, 



