URUGUAY. 



UTAH. 



86 



t dried In the sun, and exported to different ]>rU of America, 

 Braail BTOTT (TMt proprietor breeds alto a certain number 

 of hot*** and mule*, and ome of them a great number of sheep, which 

 he,** a fine wool Neither goats nor pigs are numerous. 



O>m U very abundant, though little (ought after. Among other 

 peeiM of wild quadrupeds, there are the anU or tapir, the deer, the 

 ouaoa, Ik* monkey, the pace, the rabbit, tha armadillo, the squash, 

 the boa, the fox, and aome other* peculiar to the country. The 

 European apwiee of dogs, known ai Chimmarroe Dog", have multi- 

 plied to Hand rely that they lire wild in the plaint, and have become 



Bird* are very numerous. In the lake* of the eastern plain there 

 are wild ducks and several varieties of large wild geese. A faw other 

 birds of the speoies found in Europe are also met with, us the heron, 

 the quail, ami partridge ; but there arc other species not known in 

 Bwope, as different kinds of parrots, the Macuco partridgo, tho tucan, 

 and many more. 



The only manufactures arc of the rude articles required for domestic 

 use. The commerce is comparatively inconsiderable ; though, from the 

 position of the country on the Atlantic and the groat tcstuary of the 

 La Plata, with the excellent harbour of Montevideo and others of an 

 exceedingly useful class, and with the facilities for internal communi- 

 cation a&rded by the Uruguay, it is the natural entrepot of the com- 

 merce of a vast region of the interior ; while its own fertile soil and 

 healthy climate would alone render it, in the hands of a peaceful and 

 industrious people, a great exporting country. At present the trade 

 U chiefly centred in MONTEVIDEO. The exports consist almost wholly 

 of the produce of the herds, as hides, born, hair, jerked and salted 

 beef, tallow, Ac., and do not now probably exceed 1,000,0001. sterling 

 annually. The imports are chiefly of articles of British and colonial 

 manufactures, Ac. ; and of North American and some continental 

 produce. There is also a considerable but fluctuating trade between 

 Uruguay and Braxil, the Argentine provinces, Ac. The imports of 

 British goods in 1853 amounted to 526,8834. The exports to tho 

 United States in 1853 amounted to 302.USO dollars ; the imports to 

 508,446 dollars. 



Uruguay U a republic with an elective president, a senate, and a 

 boose of representatives ; but the actual power is generally centred in 

 the president, who it usually some successful general The country 

 is divided into nine departments Montevideo, Maldonado, Cane- 

 lone*, San Joed, Colonia, Soriano, Paisaudu, llurango, and Cerro 



MONTEVIDEO U the political capital, the commercial metropolis, and 

 much the largest and most populous city of the republic. Between it 

 and Cape Santa Maria stands the town of Maldonado, with a line 

 harbour, good fortifications, and about 2000 inhabitants : it exports 

 hide* and copper. Colonia del Santo Sacramento is a small town, with 

 a harbour, opposite Buenos Ayres. None of the other towns are of 

 any importance. 



The Banda Oriental was, during tho Spanish supremacy, the name 

 of that portion of the vice-royalty of Buenos Ayres which was situated 

 to the cast of the river Uruguay, and comprehended the present 

 republic of Uruguay and the country called the Seven Missions. The 

 continual civil wars by which the declaration of independence was 

 followed in Buenos Ayres, induced the government of Brazil to take 

 poatewion of the Banila Oriental in 1815. The republic of Buenos 

 Ayres protested against this step, and, as no amicable settlement could 

 be made, a war ensued between the two countries in 1825. Through 

 the intervention of the English government a treaty of peace was 

 concluded in 1828, by which the northern district known as the Seven 

 Mission* was oed*d to Brazil, and the more exclusive southern district 

 was declared an independent republic under the title of Republica del 

 Uruguay Oriental But instead of securing peace to the country its 

 independence appear* hitherto to have only entailed discord upon it 

 Internal hostilities broke out at a very early period, and this was soon 

 followed by the incursion of troops from Buenos Ayres ; the assistance 

 of KOIM, tho president of Bueoo* Ayres, having been invoked by Aribe, 

 on* of the unsuccessful aspirant* to the rulership of Uruguay. After 

 a long continuance of strife without any prospect of either party 

 caring a manifest superiority, Brazil was induced by the appeals of 

 Paraguay and other neighbouring power* to interfere. In order to 

 bow her good faith, Brazil sent ministers to the courts of England 

 and France, with a view to obtain their assistance either as umpires 

 or active agent* in compelling the respective partie* to come to terms. 

 Those powers accordingly sent some ships of war to the Hio de la 

 llata In 1845. The English ships blockaded Montevideo till 1818 and 

 the French till 1849, when both England and France made treaties 

 with Rows. On these powers withdrawing, Bratil commenced more 

 active hostilities the Argentine province! of (Jorrientes and Kntre 

 Itios uniting with lier. The war was however prolonged till 1851, 

 when Aribe was forced to capitulate in Uruguay, and Rosas was soon 

 after deposed in Buenos Ayres. Treaties between the several parties 

 gave peace to Uruguay as far as regarded hostilities with foreign 

 lowers, and Moured the recognition of the republic by the neigh- 

 bouring stater. But internal discord in this u in so many other of 

 tbc potty republics of South America appear* to have become chronic, 

 and the latest accounts (received in October, 1855) speak of affairs 

 as in the molt disorganised condition. Braxil, which by omitting the 



government with money and men, had hoped to enable it to re-eatablUh 

 peace, order, and security in the country, finding that no reliance 

 could be placed on tho pretidut Floras or his ministers, had with- 

 drawn its subsidy, and was about to withdraw its troops; and the 

 country was fast relapsing into a state of anarchy. The revenue of 

 Uruguay has for some time been inadequate to meet the current 

 expense*, and the interest ou its heavy public debt has been long 

 unpaid. 



URUMIYEH. [PERSIA.] 



USK. [MONMOUTHSHIRE.] 



USLAR. [HILDESHEIM.) 



U8SEL. (CoRBJUt] 



USTARITX. [PYBBNfcus, HAOTES.] 



USTICA. [PALERMO, Province of.] 



USTIUG (VELIKI, namely Groat), a considerable town in tho 

 government of \Vologda in Russia, situated in 60 47' N. lat, 46 5' 

 E. long., at tho confluence of the Suchona and the Jug, ban a popula- 

 tion of 14,000. It is an ancient town ; the houses are fur the 

 most part of wood; there are 2 cathedrals, 23 churches, 5 con 

 a bank, an exchange, and several buildings and warehouses belonging 

 to the orown. The town, being situated ou tbe direct road from 

 Archangel to Siberia, and to the southern provinces, haa an imp 

 commerce and transit trade with Archangel, St. Petersburg, L'asan, 

 Kostroma, Yaroslav, and Novogorod, which is greatly facilitated by 

 many navigable rivers. The chief articles which pass in transit are 

 Russian productions from the other governments, the furs of Siberia, 

 silks and tea from China, and fish from the North Sea. The inhabit- 

 ants have also manufactures of linen, woollen, leather, soap, CM 

 hosiery, and wooden utensils, and there are in the town many gold 

 and silversmiths, whose works in enamel imd bronzed silver are much 

 esteemed. 



USTJUSHNA. [NovoooROD.] 



USUMASINTA, UIVER. [MEXICO.] 



UTAH, a territory of the United States of North America, lying 

 betweeu 37 and 42 N. lat., 106 and 120 W. long. It is bounded 

 S. and S.E. by the territory of New Mexico ; E. by the territories of 

 Kansas and Nebraska; N. by that of Oregon; and W. and S.W. by 

 the state of California. The area of Utah is estimated by the ' Topo- 

 graphical Bureau of the United States' at 269,170 square miles. 

 The population in 1850 waa 11,380 (of whom 24 were free coloured 

 persons, and 26 slaves en route to California), or 0'04 to the squara 

 mile : but this does not include the native Indian population, who 

 were estimated by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1853 at 

 11,500. 



Surface, Hydrography, <kc. The territory of Utah occupies for the 

 most part a vast broken depression, known as the Great Basin, which 

 lies between the ROCKY MOUNTAINS on the east and the Sierra Nevada 

 [CALIFORNIA] on the west ; these lofty mouutains rising in parts 

 above the line of perpetual snow, while across them are only a few 

 difficult passes. Ou the north of the Great Basin there is no con- 

 tinuous mountain chain, the watershed being formed by an elevated 

 tract, which is sometimes a swamp. On the south-east the rocky 

 barrier is broken through by tbe head streams of the Colorado, the 

 only river which finds its way out of the Great Basin ; all the others 

 which flow into the basin from the slopes of tho mouutains being 

 lost in the plains or in the lakes which occupy the bottoms of tho 

 larger valleys. The Great Basin is about 500 miles long, from east 

 to west, and little less wide, and some 4000 feet above tho level of 

 the sea. Parallel to tbe main ranges of the Sierra Nevada and the 

 Rocky Mountains are several inferior ranges, of which the Wabsatch 

 Mountains on the east are the most important. Some of these 

 secondary chains attain an elevation of from 2000 to 3000 feet ; and 

 from these diverge cross ridges, which form lesser valleys. A large 

 portion of the Great Basin consists of arid plains, on which artemesias 

 and saliooruias are almost the only plants, but in many parts these 

 plains are so impregnated with salt as to be unfit to sustain vegetable 

 life. The most remarkable features of this singular country are tbe 

 great valleys. Of these by far the largest is the Great Salt Lake 

 Valley, which is about 120 miles long and from 20 to 40 miles wide, 

 the Great Salt Lake occupying the greater part of tbe northern por- 

 tion of it lu the centre of this valley the surface is level, but it 

 rises gently on both sides to tbe mountains. There are few or no 

 trees visible. On the south and west of the Great Salt Lake the loud 



a soft sandy irreclaimable barren, on the north it is a swamp, on 

 the east and south-east, where is the Great Mormon settlement, it is 

 fertile and cultivated from the mountains to the shore. Tbe climate 

 of the valley is dry and mild ; but rain seldom falls during the 

 summer months, BO that the agriculturist is to a great extent depend- 

 ent on irrigation. The other valleys bear a general resemblance to 

 Salt Lake Valley, but they are much smaller. The chief are Utah 

 Valley, about 60 miles long by 20 miles wide ; Sand Pitch Valley, 45 

 miles long by 20 miles broad; Bear River Valley, South Valley, 

 Yuab Valley, Cache Valley, and Sovier Valley. Of that portion of 

 the territory which does not strictly belong to the Great Basin, the 

 Valley of Green River with its tributaries, which occupies tho e i 

 portion of the territory from the Sierra Mudre to tha Bear River 

 Mountains, is the most extensive, being more than 150 miles long; 

 but it is so elevated and so badly watered that it is thought not to 



