M VAUD. 



or near In* Durano*. At Pertuis woollen-yarn, brandy, and earthen- 

 war* are manufactured. 



4. In the fourth arrondissement the chief towns are ORANGE; 

 population 4790 in the commune, on the Let; Malaurfnt, 

 on 3290 ; I'auott, on the Ouvese, population 2879 ; and 

 . at the foot of the Dauphiny Mountains, population 4569 in 

 the commune, Vaison ha* an ancient Roman bridge over tho Ouvezo 

 of one arch and of considerable width, the remains of an amphi- 

 theatre, an ancient temple, and various other fragments of Roman 

 buildings; and an ancient cathedral, some portions of which are 

 probably a* old as the 10th century. Vaison was the Vasio of the 

 Roman*. Malaucene ha* silk-mills, oil-mills, copper-works, and a 

 paper mill 



The department constitute* the metropolitan diocese of Avignon, 

 the arehbiabop of which ha* for hi* suffragans the bishops of Nlmes, 

 VaUoee, Vivien, and Montpellier. It is in the jurisdiction of the 

 Hifh Court of Nlmes, within the limit* of thn University-Academy 

 of Aix, and In the 9th Military Division, of which the head-quarters 

 are at Marseille. Vaucluse returns two members to the Legislative 

 Body of the French empire. 



VAUD, a canton of Switzerland, is bounded N. by the canton of 

 Neufchatel and by France, from which it is separated by the chain of 

 the Jura Mountains ; E. by the cantons of Freyburg, Bern, and the 

 Valai* ; S. by the Lake of Geneva, which separates it from Savoy ; 

 and \V. by France and the canton of Geneva. The area is 1180 square 

 mile* ; and the population in 1850 was 199,575, of whom about 7000, 

 or only l-27tb, are Catholic*. 



The central part of the canton i* traversed from east to west by 

 the Jorat, a succession of highlands which connect the Jura with the 

 Alps, and divide the waters that flow northward into the Lake of 

 Neufchatel and the Aor from those which run southward into the 

 Lake of Geneva and the Rhone. The southern part of the canton 

 slope* to the shore* of the Lake of Geneva, and is one of the finest 

 region* of Central Europe. The vine is planted in terraces along the 

 slope* of the hills, and its cultivation employs above 20,000 persons. 

 The vineyards yield good white wines. The canton is essentially 

 agricultural. The highlands of the Jura and those of the Alps on the 

 ea*t toward* the borders of Bern, feed considerable herds of cattle. 

 Horned cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and pigs are reared in great num- 

 ber*. Corn i* not produced in sufficient quantity for the consumption 

 of the population. Fruit-trees are abundant ; and the forests cover 

 considerable tract*. There are no manufactures of any importance. 



The principal towns of the canton are LAUSANNE. Vevay, 

 12 mile* E. from Lausanne, in a beautiful situation on the banks 

 of the Lake of Geneva, has a handsome church, a college, a public 

 library, and about 5000 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable 

 trade. To the east of Vevay is the castle of Chillon. Farther east- 

 ward, in the valley of the Rhone, are Aiyle, a small town at the 

 entrance of the romantic valley of Ormonts ; and Bex, with salt-mines, 

 sulphur-baths, and about 3000 inhabitants. West of Lausanne, along 

 the shore of the Lake of Geneva, is a succession of picturesque small 

 towns Merges, Rolle, ffyon (population about 2500), Coppet, and, 

 higher np the hill, Aubonne. In the northern part of the canton is 

 Yrtrdtut, on the Lake of Neufchatel, with a castle, and about 8000 

 inhabitant*. In the interior of the canton are Moudon, with 2350 

 inhabitant*, and a college; and Paycrne, on the river Broye, an 

 affluent of the Lake of Neufchatel, with 2700 inhabitants. Orbe, at 

 the foot of the Jura, on the road from Lausanne to Paris by Besancon, 

 has about 1900 inhabitant*. The high valley of the Orbe, with the 

 romantic Lake of Joux, in the Jura Mountains, is a most interesting 

 district in the summer season. Watch-making, cutlery, and iron- 

 work* are carried on hi this remote district. The canton is traversed 

 bjrtb* railway from Geneva to Bern, which is now open between 

 Of" nd \ verdun, a* is also a branch from Merges to Lausanne. 

 Steamers ply on the Lake of Geneva between Geneva and Lausanne 

 and Vevay. 



Th* canton of the Vaud forms an important part of the Swisse 



Romande, called also Suisse Francaise, because the common people 



flxak Romance patois or dialect*, and the educated people speak 



rwooh. The Suisse Romande comprises Vaud, Neufchatel, part of 



burg, the Lower Valai*, and Geneva. The people of German 



viand in common discourse designate the whole by tlie name of 



These countries formed part of the ancient kingdom of 



Jorgundy, having been occupied by the Burgundians as early as the 



4Ui century. 



Th* Pays-do- Vnud was conquered about the middle of the 13th 



'"7 ty Peter, count of Savoy, and wa* annexed to the dominions 

 r that bouse a* a great fief, which was given in appanage to a branch 

 with the title of barony of Vaurf. In 1359 the barony reverted to" 

 ' X. unt ' 8 * T0 7- b Z """'on made by Catherine, the 

 * of the barons of Vaud. The country was then parcelled out 

 among a number of feud.1 lords. The Pays de-Vaud, as the collective 

 v -d state* or assemblies of the clergy, the 

 i ol the town*, which used to meet generally 



. Jlj 1 4 Z 8 /' *" Ban ! 1 t ? *"! their confodonrtes, having defeated Charle* 



.{. n ""V !?* 1 br J " m of Savoy) at Granson and Moral, 



rraa the Payi-de-Vaud, took and pillaged Lausanne, and finally 



VELEIA. 984 



detached the eastern district* of Bex, Aigle, and Ormonta, which were 

 incorporated with Bern, and those of Morat, Granson, and Orbe, 

 which were administered as common bailiwicks subject to both Bern 

 and Freyburg. In 1536 the Bernese made themselves masters of the 

 whole Pays-do-Vaud, which soon after embraced the doctrines of 

 Calvin. 



The Pays-de-Vaud was divided for the purpose of administration 

 into fifteen bailiwicks, the baillis, or governors, of which were ap- 

 pointed by the government of Bern. Several of the old noble families 

 were inscribed among the patricians of Bern, and thus obtained a 

 share in the government of the whole canton. All the rest of the 

 population were subjects of Bern. But the communes had their own 

 councils, and appointed their local officers and magistrates. In 1793 

 the French directory imperiously required Bern to restore the Pays- 

 de-Vaud to its independence. Meantime popular assemblies were 

 formed in the Pays-de-Vaud, countenanced by a strong body of French 

 troops assembled along the frontier. The council of Bern acted with 

 indecision, the French troops entered the Pays-de-Vaud, and that fine 

 country was lost to Bern for ever. In 1803 it was constituted as a 

 sovereign canton of the Swiss confederation by Bonaparte's Act of 

 Mediation. Napoleon I. being overthrown in 1814, the Act of Media- 

 tion fell with him ; but in the Federal Pact, established by the allied 

 powers in 1815, Vaud was constituted a canton of Switzerland. 

 After the French revolution of July, 1830, several thousand Vaudois, 

 armed with sticks, repaired to Lausanne, to oblige the council of state 

 to convoke the assemblies of circles, for the purpose of appointing 

 deputies to frame a new constitution. The council yielded a con- 

 stituent assembly to bo convened, which framed a new constitution on 

 the principles of equality of political rights and rotation of office, 

 without any property qualification, which constitution was laid before 

 the primary or communal assemblies, in June, 1830, and accepted. 

 The members of the great council, or legislature, are elected by tho 

 assemblies of circles, one for each thousand inhabitants. All citizens 

 of the canton, being bourgeois of a commune, who have completed 

 twenty-three years of age, and are neither bankrupts nor paupers, nor 

 interdicted, are possessed of the elective franchise. The members of 

 the legislature ore elected for five years. Candidates for seats must 

 be twenty-five years old, citizens of the canton, and have their domicile 

 in it. The great council meets twice a-year for about a month each 

 time : its members receive a remuneration. It appoints the members 

 of the executive, and those of the courts of justice. 



There ore primary schools in every commune, middle schools, or 

 schools of industry, colleges, and lastly the Academy of Lausanne, a 

 sort of university, with fifteen professors and four faculties theology, 

 law, philosophy, and belles-lettres. 



VAULRY, ST. [CEEUZE.] 



VAUVKRT. [CURD.] 



VECHT. [RHINE.] 



VEERDT. [LiMBOBO.] 



VELAY, a small territory in France, which formed part of Vivarais, 

 and of which Le-Puy was the chief town. It is now included in the 

 department of Haute- Loire. 



VELEIA, an ancient city at the base of the Apennines, 23| miles 

 S. from Piocenza, and 45 miles from Parma by the existing roads. 

 The population of this part of Italy was brought under the Roman 

 dominion about A.C.C. 595, by M. Fulvius Nobilior. The inhabitants 

 of Veleia up to the fourth year of the reign of Tiberius lived in vil- 

 lages; but a town was formed subsequently, which became a muni- 

 cipium, probably between the fourth year of the reign of Tiberius 

 and the eighth of Vespasian. The period of the ruin of Veleia is not 

 accurately known, though it is conjectured to have taken place in the 

 fourth century of tho Christian era. Tradition reports a slip of the 

 mountains called Moria and Rovinazzo to have been the cause of the 

 catastrophe which most probably buried the city unexpectedly. 



Presuming the city of Veleia to have been buried shortly after the 

 reign of Constantine, it remained unknown and forgotten for fourteen 

 centuries and a half. The first notice of the revival of this ancient city 

 was owing to the Trajan tablet, or bronze table, called the ' Alimentary 

 Table,' which contains a law under the directions of which 279 children 

 were maintained. This remarkable document was discovered in 1747 

 by a peasant of the commune of Macinisso (now called by its ancient 

 name of Veleia), while working in a field. In 1760, excavations 

 ordered by Duke Philip of Parma led to the discovery of the founda- 

 tions of the forum and of some public and private buildings. Twelve 

 marble statues also (some of them of superior workmanship), and 

 numerous small bronze statues, medals, money, stamps, inscriptions, 

 and small instruments and implements of bronze (including a pair of 

 snuffers of the form now in use), were brought to light. Another 

 bronze table was also found at a short distance from the spot where 

 thirteen years previously the Alimentary Table of Trajan had been 

 discovered. This table is nearly square, being 2 feet 2 inches and 

 7 lines (Paris) wide, by 8 feet 8 inches high, and about 2 lines thick. 

 On the sides and in the middle are holes by which it was probably 

 attached to a wall. The writing, like the large table, is divided into 

 pages ; the first contains 52 lines, and the second 58. At the begin- 

 ning of the division between the pages, the number IIII is marked, 

 from which it is manifest that this table was preceded by three others, 

 forming six pages. There are good reasons for supposing that this 



