VERNEUIL. 



VERONA. 



1006 



and periodicals are taken in. Castleton, on Castleton River, 60 miles 

 S.\V. from Montpelier, population 3016, is a place of some trade; 

 the point of intersection of the Saratoga and Castleton, the Rutland 

 and Washington, and the Vermont and Canada railways ; and the seat 

 of a medical college. Danville, on a tributary of the Passumsic 

 River, 23 miles N.E. from Montpelier, population 2577, has several 

 manufacturing establishments. MiddUbury, about 35 miles 8.W. 

 from Montpelier, on both banks of Otter Creek, which is here 170 

 feet wide, with falls of 20 feet perpendicular height, affording water- 

 power for many milla ; population, 3517. There are several manu- 

 factures of woollen and cotton goods, nails, Ac., and white and 

 variegated marble is extensively quarried and wrought. There are 

 several churches, a court-house, and two academies. Middlebury 

 College, pleasantly situated on elevated ground, consists of a spacious 

 stone edifice, and had, in 1854, 7 tutors and 55 students. Newbury, 

 on the Connecticut River, 30 miles S.E. by E. from Montpelier, 

 population 2931, has considerable trade and manufactures, and is the 

 site of a Methodist seminary. Rutland, on Otter Creek, about 60 

 miles S.S.W. from Montpelier: population, 3715. The town is well 

 situated for business, and three railways pass through it In the 

 town are several marble- and slate-works, iron-foundries, machine- 

 shops, Ac., besides a court-house, jail, churches, schools, ic. Iron-ore, 

 lime, white and variegated marbles, &c., are largely worked in the 

 neighbourhood. St. Albant, on Lake Champlain, about 60 miles S.W. 

 from Montpelier, population 3567, is the port of a fertile district, and 

 has a large trade and some manufactures. Verycnna, on Otter Creek, 

 near Lake Champlain, about 36 miles W.S.W. from Montpelier : popu- 

 lation, 1378. This 'city' stand* at the head of navigation, and though 

 the city itself has but few inhabitants, a large business and consider- 

 able manufactures ire carried on in it and in its vicinity. Windtor, on 

 the Connecticut, 61 miles & by & from Montpelier, popuTation 1928, 

 is a flourishing and rather handsome town, with some manufactures. 

 Wooditock, 14 miles N.W. from Windsor, on an affluent of the Con- 

 necticut, population 3041, contains a handsome court-house, churches, 

 and other public buildings, Vermont medical college, &c. ; and has 

 some manufactures. 



JIutory, ConttUulion, Ac. The tract of country between Lake 

 Champlain and Montpelier, called Vermont by the French settler* 

 from its green mountains, was ceded by them to the British in 1763. 

 The French had commenced their settlement a* early as 1731, but 

 little progress wu made in colonising Vermont till after the British 

 had conquered Canada in 1760, after which time it began to be settled 

 rapidly. Vermont was at first claimed by Massachusetts, and after- 

 wards by New Hampshire and New York. The rival chum* were 

 decided by the king of Kngland in council in 1764, in favour of New 

 York. A serious quarrel was the result of this decision, which wu 

 interrupted by the war of the Revolution, in which the ' Green Moun- 

 tain boy*,' a* they were called, distinguished themselves by their 

 hardiness and bravery. In January, 1777, they declared the state 

 independent, but New York still claimed jurisdiction ; and the differ- 

 ences were only finally adjusted in 1790 by Vermont paying to New 

 York 30,000 dollars in full of all demands. In 1791 Vermont was 

 admitted into the federal union. 



The constitution was adopted in 1793, but has since been several 

 times modified. Every seventh year 13 censor* are elected, whose 

 duty it is to inquire whether the constitution has been duly observed, 

 and to call a convention if it require* modification. Slavery i* pro- 

 hibited ; imprisonment for debt i* permitted only in cases of fraud; 

 perpetuities are abolished. The right of voting is vested in every 

 man 21 year* of age, who ha* resided in the state for a year, and i* 

 of quiet and peaceable behaviour. The legislature consists of a 

 Scuta of 30 members, and a House of Representative* of 230 mem- 

 bers, one for each town (township). The executive power is vested 

 in a governor. The governor and the members of the legislature are 

 elected by the people annually. The judge* are elected by the 

 general assembly in joint ballot. 



Vermont has no state debt The entire receipts for the financial 

 year 1853-4 (including the balance from the previous year) was 

 Itij, 111 dollar*; the total expenditure wu 152,443 dollars. Theatate 

 militia at the last return consisted of 23,915 men, of whom 1083 

 were commissioned officer*. The number of colleges in the state in 

 1850 wu fire, having 30 teachers and 464 student*. The number of 

 public schools wu 2731 having 4173 teacher* and 93,457 scholars. 

 There is no state school fund. 



(Thompson, Geography and Otology of Vermont; Adams, Annual 

 Retort* on the Otolvyy of Vermont ; Hitchcock, Logan, Marcou, IK. ; 

 Statitlieat Gazetteer of the United State* ; Seventh Centta of the United 

 State*: De Bow, Statittual View of the United State* ; American 

 Almanac, 1855, Ac.) 



Vi.KNKUIL. [KDBK.] 



VKKNON. fEuRE.] 



VKIioU. Lr'ROUHoai] 



VKKCXNA, a province of the Austrian crownland of Venice in 

 North Italy, is bounded N. by the Tyrol, K. by the province* of 

 Vicenza and Padun, S. by the provinces of Hovigo and Mantua, and 

 W. partly by Mantua and partly by the Lake of Uarda, which sepa- 

 rate* the northern part of the province of Verona from the province 

 of Brescia. The length of the province is about 50 miles from north 



to south, and its greatest breadth is about 25 miles. The area is 1094 

 square miles; the population in 1850 was 302,902. The northern part 

 of the province is hilly, and even mountainous near the borders of the 

 Tyrol ; the highest summit of Monte Baldo is above 6000 feet high. 

 The southern part merges into the great plain of the Po ; but the 

 territory of Verona does not touch that river, its southern boundary 

 being marked by the Tartaro or Castagnaro, an affluent of the Adige, 

 which divides it on that side from the province of Mantua. The 

 province is divided into thirteen districts. 



The river Adige crosses the province of Verona in its length from 

 north to south-south-east. It runs through a very narrow valley from 

 the frontiers of the Tyrol down to the defile of Chiusa, near Rivoli, 

 after which it emerges into the plain of Lombardy. The province of 

 Verona has few towns of any consequence besides the capital. Lcgnamo 

 is a fortress of considerable strength, on the Adige, south of Verona : 

 population, 6000. Villafranca, is a bustling market-town on the road 

 from Verona to Mantua. Ritoli, on the right bank of the Adige, 

 north of Verona, is famous for the battle won by Bonaparte and 

 Massena over the Austrians in January, 1797. This country is full of 

 the recollections of those memorable campaigns, and also of the 

 campaigns of the Sardinians and Austrians in 184S and 1849. On the 

 banks of the Alpone, near the wooden bridge of Arcole, is an obelisk, 

 raised in commemoration of the battle of Arcola. The cistern 

 bank of the Lake of Qarda, which belongs to the province of Verona, 

 is not so favoured by nature as the opposite or Brescia side : the 

 ridge of Monte Baldo ranges close to the shore of the lake, and joins 

 on the north the Alps of the Tyrol. The town of Malieaiiie (popula- 

 tion 3000), with an old gothic castle, is on this coast, as well as the 

 little town of Qarda, which has given to the lake its modern name. 

 [QARDA.] In the mountains near Verona is the village of Oargaynayo, 

 where Dante, for a time a guest of Can della Scala, lord of Verona, 

 wrote part of bis ' Purgatorio.' The valley of Konca, 15 miles distant 

 from Verona, is worth the notice of the geologist for its fossil fishes 

 and it* shells. 



VEKO'NA, the chief town of the province of Verona, and the mili- 

 tary capital of the Crownland of Venice, is situated in 45" 25' N. lat, 

 11 E. long., on the Adige, which divides the town into two parts, 

 and at the foot of hills which are the lower offsets of the mountains 

 of the Tyrol. The situation of Verona is pleasant and healthy ; the 

 town is substantially built, with long and tolerably wide streets, is 

 surrounded by old walU flanked with towers, and retains much of the 

 appearance of a town of the middle ages. The ramparts and bastions 

 constructed by the architect and engineer San Micheli in the early 

 part of the 16th century, were almost entirely destroyed according to 

 oue of the conditions of the peace of Luneville in 1801, but the gates 

 were (pared, one of which, the Porta del Palio, has been termed a 

 miracle of architecture. There are remains of walls erected round 

 the town by the emperor Gallienus, by Charlemagne, and by the 

 Scaligeri. The remains of the last add greatly to the beauty of the 

 city. But all the former fortifications of the place are insignificant 

 when compared to the works erected round Verona within the last few 

 years by the Austrians, who have constructed walls and ramparts in 

 the polygonal or cyclopeon style, so that Verona is now one of the 

 strongest fortresses not only in Italy but in Europe. 



Among the many remarkable buildings of Verona the most worthy 

 of notice are, the splendid palace of Canossa, built by San Micheli ; 

 palace called della Uran Quardia in the Piazza di Bra, the elegant 

 palace Quuta Verza by San Micheli; the palace Bevilacqua; the 

 palace Ridolfi, which has a curious representation of the cavalcade 

 of Pope Clement V1L and Charles V. on the occasion of that em- 

 peror's coronation at Bologna ; the palace del Consiglio, built after the 

 design of Sansovino, but its spacious hall was constructed by Frit 

 Uiocondo the commentator of Vitruvius ; the Palazzo Publico, opposite 

 to the amphitheatre ; and the palaces in the Piazza dei Signori, from 

 which rise* a square Campanile tower 300 feet high, surmounted by 

 an octagonal pyramid, the whole forming a moat conspicuous object 

 in the scenery of the city. The custom-house is a noble building 

 raised in the 18th century by Count Alessandro 1'ompei. 



The churches of Verona are numerous, and many of them interest- 

 ing for their monuments and paintings. The church of San Nazario 

 and San Celso i* said to bo of the 7th century. The subterraneous 

 galleries in it* neighbourhood were once used as catacombs. The 

 church of San Zcnoue dates from the 9th century : its bronze gates, a 

 statue of the saint with his tomb, and its curious emblems, arabesques, 

 and figures, attest the antiquity of the structure. The cathedral of 

 Verona, a gothic building, said to be of the age of Charlemagne, with 

 its facade covered with old sculptures of men and animals, contains the 

 tomb of Pope Lucius III., who died at Verona in 1185; several valu- 

 able paintings, among which is an Assumption by Titian ; a sepulchral 

 monument of Roman times to Julius Apollonius and his wife Attica 

 Valeria ; and other interesting objects. The church of San Fermo has 

 a fine mausoleum of the Turriani family. Several monuments of 

 learned men, and also several very old paintings, one of which, by an 

 unknown artist, is said to be anterior to the time of Cimabue. The 

 churches of Santa Maria dala Scala, San Giorgio Maggiore, and San 

 Sebutiano are among the finest churches of Verona, and are also 

 rich in paintings. 



The library of the Chapter of Verona is very ancient ; it contain* above 



