10H 



VOLOGDA. 



VOLTERRA. 



1013 



kind*, oats, millet (which thrives especially in the heavy marsh-lands), 

 the farmers cultivate several species of wheat of the finest quality. 

 A large surplus of corn in annually exported. Flax and hemp are 

 grown in great abundance, and here and there rapeseed, tobacco, and 

 pulse: linseed, hempsoed, and oil are exported. All the ordinary 

 vegetables are cultivated in the gardens. Mustard, saffron, capsicum, 

 hops, and tobacco are commonly grown ; and chamomile, panic-grass 

 (Manne de Pologne), and wild asparagus, are gathered in the fields 

 and meadows. 



The forests are very extensive. Great quantities of timber and fire 

 wood are conveyed to the Dnieper, partly by rafts, partly by land- 

 carriage ; the forests also furnish much pitch, tar, charcoal, and potash. 

 The wild animals found in them are stags, elks, fallow-deer, wild boars, 

 bares, squirrels, martens, polecats, weasels, beavers, and otters, a few 

 bears, lynxes, and wild-cats, and many wolves and foxes. Wild berries 

 of various kinds abound, and truffles and mushrooms are commonly 

 met with. 



The rich pastures are very favourable to the breeding of cattle. 

 The Volhynian oxen are fine animals, and great numbers are exported. 

 The management of the dairy is not well understood. The horse, 

 when properly tended, is larger and stronger than the other Polish 

 horses, though of the same breed : the horses of the peasants and poor 

 Jews are iu general inferior. The sheep are mostly of the Polish 

 breed. The farmer has fewer goats than swine ; poultry is very 

 abundant ; great numbers of bees are kept, and the honey is very fine. 

 The rivers furnish abundance of fish, and on all the estates there are 

 regular carp-ponds. 



Bog-iron, saltpetre, building-stone, millstones, potter's-clay, porcelain 

 clay, and limestone are found. 



The women in the villages knit, spin, and make coarse linen and 

 woollen cloth ; the men prepare potash, pitch, tar, and charcoal. 

 Manufacture* have greatly extended in Volhynia since the commence- 

 ment of the present century. The principal products are linen, leather, 

 woollun-cloths, earthenware, porcelain, and paper. 



The Dnieper is near enough to afford easy communication with 

 Odessa. The articles exported are the product* already enumerated, 

 and some manufactured goods. The cattle, horses, honey, and wax 

 find a ready market in Austria and Poland, whither they are conveyed 

 by the Jews, who hav* the whole trade of the province in their hands. 

 There are gnat fain at Dnbno and Ostrog. 



The principal towns are Scktiomir (in Polish, Zilomien). the capital 

 of the government, situated on the river Teterow. Before it came 

 under the dominion of Kusia it was an insignificant place, with less 

 than 2000 inhabitant*. It has now a population of about 12,000, who 

 have a considerable trade in woollen-cloths, linen, silks, calicoes, 

 leather, wax and honey, and Moldavian and Hungarian wines. 

 lierdylaitw, an ugly ill-built town, is one of the most considerable 

 in the country; it has several churches, and a large fortified Carme- 

 lite convent. The population is stated to be between 30,000 and 

 40,000, of whom a great proportion are Jews. There are several 

 respectable Christian merchants, who carry on a considerable trade in 

 the productions of the country. lailau, with 6000 inhabitants, has 

 four Greek churches, one Roman Catholic church, a monastery, and 

 a synagogue. Ottroy, on the Wellija, consists of the old and the 

 new towns ; it contains an ancient castle, several Greek and Roman 

 Catholic churches, a Eauilian convent and school, and about 6000 

 inhabitants, of whom many are Jews. KremeiuU is situated at the 

 foot of a high mountain, on which there is a castle or citadel. It 

 has several Greek churches, a monastery, and 8000 inhabitants. 



VOLOGDA, an exteniive government of European Russia, extends 

 from 58* 80* to 4* 40' N. lat, 88* 20' to 59 W E. long. It is 

 bounded N. by Archangel, N.K. by Tobolsk, S.E. by Perm and Viatka, 

 a by Kostroma, aW. by Yaroslav, W. by Novogorod, and N.W. by 

 Olonetz, and comprises an area of 147,422 square miles. 



The surface of this government is an immense plain, which extends 

 on the east to the Ural Mountains, and is only traversed by a lateral 

 branch of that chain, which crosses the north-eastern part : it contains 

 vast forests, extensive morasses, and some lakes. The soil is very 

 various : there are however large tracts in which the surface is 

 covered with a rich mould, and in most parts the soil is susceptible 

 of cultivation. The most fertile part is the south-west. 



Besides the Ural and it* north-western offset, which runs along the 

 bank of the Petschora, there is here and there a hill, which is called 

 a mountain. The north-eastern chain, here called Pojacs-Kamennoi, 

 or the Stony Girdle, evidently forms the watershed between the Dwina 

 and the I'etechon, It is thickly wooded, about seven miles broad, and 

 continue* to rise as it runs to the north. 



The principal riven are the DWISA, which is formed by the union 

 of the Jug and the Suchona. The Vaga, a feeder of the Dwina, which 

 issues from a morass, where it is already above 1200 feet in breadth. 

 The Peltf/iora, which rises in the Ural Mountains at the point where 

 the governments of Vologda, Tobolsk, and Perm meet. This province 

 ha* also a> canal, called the North Catherine Canal, begun in 1786 

 sad completed in 1817. It is 12 mile 1 ) in length. It unite* two rivers, 

 both called Keltma, one a tributary of the \Yytschegda, and the other 

 of the Kama, a tributary of the Volga, by which the Wytschegdacom- 

 nuaieates with the Kama, or the Dwina, rind the Frozen Ocean with 

 UM Caspian Sea. 



OEOO. OIV. VOL. IT. 



The most considerable lakes are the Kubenskoe, which receives 

 the Kubana and 20 other small rivers, and from which one branch of 

 the Suchona issues. The island of Kamennoi is on this lake. The 

 two lakes called Piatisorskoi are very deep. Lake Sandor, 10 miles 

 long and 3 miles broad, the waters of which are said to heal wounds 

 and ulcers. Lake Kondas. There are numerous morasses in this 

 government, some of which are 25 to 45 miles in circumference. 



The climate is cold but very salubrious : it however varies consider- 

 ably in different parts of the province. The winter is much longer in 

 the north-eastern than in the south-western portion. The rivers gene- 

 rally freeze in November and thaw in May. 



Agriculture requires the utmost care, and the ground requires to be 

 well manured. Rye, barley, and oats are grown. Flax and hemp are 

 extensively cultivated ; and likewise some hops, peas, and beans. In 

 the south-western circles the produce is sufficient for the home con- 

 sumption ; but towards the north and north-cast it gradually diminishes, 

 and a considerable quantity is imported. In the north-east cabbages, 

 turnips, and garlic thrive ; in the south-west the gardens produce not 

 only most of the vegetables common in Russia, but also apples and 

 cherries. The forests constitute the wealth of the province. The 

 chase furnishes many valuable articles both for the inlaud and foreign 

 trade. The wild animals are elks, reindeer, ermines, martens, weasels, 

 squirrels, hares, gluttons, bears, wolvis, lynxes, foxes and wild-cats, 

 various kinds of birds and water-fowl, among which are twelve species 

 of ducks. Horses, oxen, sheep, goats, and swine are numerous. The 

 rich pastures east of the Dwina and the many salt-springs are favour- 

 able to the rearing of cattle, and the breed both of horses and oxen is 

 in great repute. 



The minerals are iron, copper, granite, freestone, quartz, felspar, 

 whetstones, limestone, and salt The salt-springs are very important, 

 and supply almost the whole consumption of the province. 



There are manufactories of woollen cloth, linen, glass, iron-ware, and 

 paper. There are also brandy distilleries, tanneries, and manufactories 

 of candles. Vologda may be regarded as the centre of the trade of 

 Siberia with Archangel, being situated on the great road between them, 

 and a very active trade is carried on in the summer on the rivers, and 

 in the winter on sledges. The principal trading towns are Vologda, 

 Totina, and Ustiug. The several annual fain are very well attend, d. 



The population of this government, amounting to 822,200 in 1846, 

 consists chiefly of Russians. There are also some Syrianes, who aro 

 a remnant of the ancient Finnish inhabitants; and Saraoi'edes, who 

 wander in the inhospitable deserts of tho north-east, on the banks of 

 the Petschora. 



I Vologda, the seat of government, and the see of the bishop, is 

 situated in 69* 12' N. lat, 40 10' E. long., on both sides of the river 

 Vologda. The population is about 14,000. Vologda is an open town, 

 consisting of two principal parts, each of which is divided into four 

 quarters. The town contains about 50 churches, 6 of which are of 

 stone ; a monastery ; a nunnery ; a theological seminary for 600 

 priests' sons ; a gymnasium ; a district school ; and many buildings 

 and magazines belonging to the crown. The inhabitants manufacture 

 linen, silks, leather, sealing-wax, white-lead, colours, vitriol, and have 

 very extensive tanneries and candle manufactories ; they likewise make 

 superior articles in gold, silver, enamel, and lacquered ware. The 

 merchants trade extensively with St. Petersburg and Archangel, with 

 China and the Aleutian Islands. They are also connected with 

 Hanseatic merchants. The city is surrounded with gardens, which 

 produce good vegetables and some fruit 



Tvtma, on the Suchona, consists of three broad streets, has 17 

 churches, 3 convents, several magazines, and 3000 inhabitants, among 

 whom are many artisans and intelligent merchants, who have a 

 profitable retail trade, and a considerable commerce with Archangel 

 and Siberia. 



VOLONNE. [ALPES, BASMB.] 



VOLTAGGIO. [GEWOA.] 



VOLTERRA, a town of Tuscany, in the province of Pisa, is built 

 on the niirht of Volaterno, one of the most ancient of the Etruscan 

 cities. Volaterrn is first mentioned by Livy (x. 12) under the year 

 B.O. 293, when the people fought bravely against the consul L. Corne- 

 lius Scipio. It became eventually a municipium. The people of 

 Volaterne, having espoused the party of Marias, were besieged by 

 Sulla two whole years. The city suffered severely from the inva- 

 sion of the Vandals ; after them it came under the dominion of tho 

 Lombards, who were driven out in the 8th century by Charlemagne, 

 and Volterra became an imperial town, governed by tho counts, 

 marquises, or officers of the emperors, who often deputed the bishops 

 of the diocese to administer the government Like other cities of 

 Italy, Volterra was torn by the contending factions of the Guelphs 

 and Ghibcllines. The former having prevailed, the Volterrani were 

 induced to unite themselves to the I'isan republic. 



Volterra is 50 miles from Leghorn, about 40 miles from Florence, 

 and 30 miles from Siena. It is situated on a bill, the west sides 

 of which are extremely precipitous, and, owing to the soft nature of 

 the material, a species of marl, are continually wearing uway and 

 incroacuing on the site of the town. On the north aro found the 

 numerous sepulchral chambers, called by the Italians ' Ippogei,' to 

 which Volterra owes its remarkable and unique museum of cinerary 

 urns or sarcophagi. 



