1057 



WALKE& 



WALLACHIA. 



10B8 



fewer than 21) as the governor and council may determine. There ia 

 also to be a legislative assembly of 54 members. For the legislative 

 assembly, the qualifications of electors are, that they must be natural- 

 born or naturalised subjects of her Majesty, of the age of 21, possessing 

 a freehold estate within the district of 1001. clear value above all 

 incurnbrances or charges on it, for at least six mouths before the date 

 of the writ or the last registration, or occupying a dwelling-house for 

 six months of the clear annual value of 101., or a lodging of 102. 

 yearly rent, or having a salary of 1002. a year, or holding a licence to 

 depasture lands within the district, or holding a leasehold estate in the 

 district of the yearly value of 102. of which the lease has not le.-s than 

 three years to run, and on which in all cases the rates and taxes due to 

 within three months of such election or registration have been paid, and 

 who is not attainted of treason, or convicted of felony, <tc. No minister 

 of religion can be a member. The legislature, when constituted, is to 

 administer, in conjunction with the governor, the affairs of the colony, 

 without reference to the mother country, except in such cases as the 

 governor may think doubtful or important enough to require to be 

 brought under the special consideration of the home government. The 

 amount of the civil list specified in the Act, including the expense of 

 the civil and judicial establishments of the colony, is 64,300/. ; and a 

 sum of 28,0002. a year is likewise to be appropriated for the purposes 

 of public worship. The waste lands in the colony are to be under the 

 management of the colonial legislature. 



The governor and council are empowered to levy customs on goods 

 imported, bat no duty is to be imposed on any article from one country 

 that is not alike imposed on the same article from other countries. 

 No duties however are to be levied on articles imported for the supply 

 of her Majesty's land or sea forces ; nor have they the power allowed 

 them to grant any exemption, or impose any duty, at variance with 

 any treaty concluded by her Majesty with any foreign power. 



In the administration of justice there are a chief judge and three 

 puisne judges, with an attorney-general, a solicitor general, and a crown 

 solicitor. Magistrate* are appointed in the various districts by the 

 governor, and quarter sensions and petty sessions are held in various 

 places at frequent intervals. 



WALK EH. [NoBTnDXBKRLAKD.] 



WALLA'CHIA, or WALA'CHIA (Zdra Knmwii4tta, in WJla- 

 chian, in Turkish Efluk), a principality and vassal state of Turkey-in- 

 Eorope, is bounded N*. by the Carpathian Mountain* (which divide it 

 from Transylvania) and the principality of Moldavia, E. by that part 

 of the Lower Danube, which, running from south to north, separates 

 it from the Dobrudscha, S. by the Danube, and W. by tbe Danube 

 and the south-eastern corner of Hungary. It* greatest length from 

 writ to east is 276 mile* ; it* greatest breadth from south to north is 

 127 mile*. The area is about 28,000 square miles: the population 

 amount* to 2,324,484, all of the Greek Church, except a few Hungarian 

 ettlers, who are Catholic*. 



The Carpathians are the principal mountains. [CARPATHIASS.] 

 Several ranges of lower mountain* and hills stretch from the Carpa- 

 thian* in a parallel direction south and south-east, and contain valleys 

 between them, the upper part of which i* narrow, but the lower part 

 become* wider a* the valleys approach the Danube. Along thi* river 

 there is a broad level tract consisting near tbe Danube of lowland* 

 .vi'l marshes, which are exposed to the inundation* of the river. 

 However the most western part of Wallachia !* generally mountainous, 

 and the hills reach to the bank* of the Danube. A gnat part of the 

 country, especially the northern part, is covered with forests of 6rs, 

 oaks, and beeches. Tbe soil, except in the mountainous district*, i* 

 a rich mould, and of extraordinary fertility. In the elevated part of 

 the country there are extensive pasture* covered with aromatic herb*, 

 which feed a great number of sheep, the flesh of which i* much 

 MtMmed. In the level and marshy part* there i* excellent pasture 

 for cattle, of which great numbers are annually fattened. The prin- 

 cipal river i* the Danube. [D-ixcm] The other river* are tribu- 

 taries of tbe Danube ; their sources are all in the Carpathian*, and 

 their direction i* south in tbe western part of the country, south-east 

 in the middle part, and east in the eastern part. The principal are 

 the SfU, or ScAjrf, in the west ; it* source* are in Transylvania, but 

 it aoon leaves this country by a long and narrow defile called the 

 Valkan Pass, where it enters Wallachia; it joins the Danube opposite 

 the email town of Rahova in Bulgaria ; it* length is nearly 140 mile*. 

 The Alt. or Alula, east of the SylL [AI.UTA ; TRANSYLVANIA.] Tbe 

 Trtormnn ; its source* are in 45* N. 1st, between the Alt and the 

 river Arjish, at the foot of tbe Carpathians ; it joins the Danube 

 opposite the town of Novograd in Bulgaria, after a course of 100 

 miles. The Arjuh, Aryii, or Arj, east of tbe Alt ; it* sources are in 

 ii-|iathi:m, 20 mile* east of the Rothenthurm Pass, and it 

 joint the Danube a little below Oltcnitza, and opposite the Bulgarian 

 town of Turtuki, after a south-eastern course of 160 mile*. The Hum- 

 liroKilza, a tributary of the Arjiih, passes Bukharest, and joins the latter 

 ;; miles north of tbe junction of tbe Arjish with the Danube; its 

 course is almost parall-1 to that of the Arjish, anrl its length is 

 110 miles. Tbe Jalmitza comes from the Carpathians near the 

 Tomosh Pass; at first it runs south for 30 miles, and afterwards 

 oath-rut, east, and north-east till it reaches the Danube a little below 

 Ilinova; it* whole course is nearly 170 miles. The JBuao, north of 

 tbe Jalonitza, conies from Transylvania, flows through the BuzeoPaas, 



oioo. DIV. VOL. IT. 



and joins the Sereth 12 miles above the junction of this river with 

 the Danube, after an easterly course of 120 miles. All these rivers 

 are navigaMe for barges, but little is done to facilitate the navi- 

 gation, which 13 rendered impracticable in many places by rocks, 

 shallows, and other obstacles. Besides the larger rivers, there are 

 many smaller streams which traverse the country. In the marshy 

 districts there are several large lakes formed by branches of the 

 Danube ; and in the rainy season, or whcu the snow on the Carpa- 

 thians melts, the low tracts along the Danube are inundated for many 

 miles in breadth. 



Climate and Productions. The summers are exceedingly Lot and 

 the winters very cold ; but the climate is healthy, except in the marshes, 

 where bilious fevers prevail, and mosquitoes swarm during the warmer 

 months. The waters are abundantly supplied with fish. The mineral 

 productions are iron, copper, lead, silver, rock-salt, and bitumen. 

 Gold is found in the sands of several of the feeders of tho Danube. 

 Wallachia produces abundantly wheat, barley, rye, hemp, tobacco, maize, 

 ic. The vine grows well, and the produce is excellent, and would be 

 equal to the best Hungarian wines if the inhabitants had more skill. 

 The French berry (Rhamnut infectoriut) grows in many districts, and 

 is exported chiefly to Transylvania, where it is used for dyeing. Sheep 

 are very numerous in Wallachia, and n great quantity of excellent 

 wool is exported. Cattle also ore very numerous. There is abund- 

 ance of game of every description. There is plenty of timber, but it 

 rots in the forests. Only the third part of the country is cultivated. 

 The navigation of the Danube by steamers puts Wallaehia in com- 

 munication with Vienna and Constantinople, Several foreign merchants 

 reside at Bnkharest, the capital, and at Brailow, the principal Wulla- 

 chian port on the Lower Danube. 



Oorernmtnt. The government is in every respect like that of Molda- 

 via, from which country the political history of Wallachia is inseparable. 

 In the article MOLDAVIA reference was made to the present article 

 with a view to supply some further information respecting the history 

 of the countries, subsequent to their evacuation by the Russians, in 

 the summer of 1854. But, with the exception of tho return of the 

 princes Stirbey and Ohika to Wallachia and Moldavia respectively, 

 and the continued military occupation of both principalities by 

 Austria, no event* worth noticing have occurred. Wallachia is divMed 

 into 1 8 districts, administered by officers called Isprovniks. Ten of 

 these districts are in the mountainous and hilly parts of the country ; 

 eight in the plain and low country along the Danube. The following 

 table gives the districts, with the populition and chief town of each : 



Totoni. Bukharut, the capital, is described in a separate article. 

 [Br/KHARiST.] Teryorut, or more correctly Turguvici, N. W. of Bukha- 

 rest, was the capital of Wallachia till 1698, when tbe seat of govern- 

 ment was transferred to Bukhareit Tergovist is situated ou the 

 Jalonitza, and contain* about 5000 inhabitants; tho whole place ia 

 covered with ruins of houses and palaces, which were abandoned by 

 the nobility after 1698. The road from Biikharest to Kronstadt in 

 Transylvania, leads through Tergoviat. Oiuryeto, on the Danube, is 

 noticed under RUTSHUK. Arjish, on the Arjish River, towards its 

 source, lies on the road from Bukharest to the pass of Rothentlnirm, 

 and HermanuaUdt. There is a beautiful church in this thriving little 

 town, which i* said to be the finest in Wallachia, him is a small 

 but busy town, a little went of the junction of the Aluta -with the 

 Danube. Krajota, a fine town with about 6000 inhabitants, has con- 

 siderable commerce : it is situated on the Schyl, in the centre of 

 Little Wallachia, or the western part of Wallachia, between the Aluta 

 in the east, and Hungary and the Danube on tbe west. This district 

 was the scene of the early struggle between the Turks and Russians at 

 tbe commencement of tbe war in 1S54. Krajova is the capital of Little 

 Wallachia. To the south-west of Krajova opposite Widin is Kalafat, 

 which was occupied and defended by the Turks against the Russian* 

 with great bravery. [\ViDllf.] Not far from it is Czitate, where the 

 Turks defeated the Russians with great loss, January 6, 1854. Brailow, 

 or Ibrall,nn the Danube, 10 miles S. from tho junction of the Serelh 

 with the Danube, in the north-eastern corner of Wallachia, forms the 

 subject of a separate article. [iBBA'iL.] Romnik, lies W. of Brailow 



8 r 



