WESTMORLAND. 



WESTMORLAND. 



lion 



(*neiUy IUp or Heppe), 15 mile. N. by W. from Kandl : 

 ririii 1009. Tb*r* w*a anciently in thia pariah a Promonatra- 

 ai abber, founded originally mt Preaton-in-Kendal (now Preaton 

 Unck). by Thorn**, on of Qoipatrio or Copatrio, in the reign of 

 Henry II.; it was removed in tho lifetime of it* founder to the 

 , lt h*- J ralUy of Wet Sloddale, in the paruh of Shap, watered by 

 an* of the >tream that form the Lowther. Some picturesque ruiuu 

 of thii abbey still remain on the weet bank of the stream. The tower 

 and torn* fragment! of the chancel of the conventual church, which 

 wai v*ry nwcioua, remain, ai well ai the foundatioui of the cloister* 

 and the office*. The pariah church ii on the eaat aide of tho town, 

 and retaini aome ancient part* amid many alterations. Faini for 

 cattle and pedlery an held on Hay 4th and September 28th. There are 

 limeetone and alate qoarriea. Near Shap i* a prehistoric atone circle. _ 

 The following are the more important villages; the population is 



.Bocnwaa, population of the township of Undennilbock, in which 

 Bowneaa i* aituated, 1421, ii built on tho left bank of Windermere, 

 about 5 milea 8. by E. from Ambleaide. The Windermere railway 

 terminate* at BowneM. The village, which ia beautifully situated, is 

 much frequented by lake touriat*. It ia the chief boating station on 

 the lake, and the head-quarters of the annual Windermere regatta*. 

 The pariah church: of Windermere, which stands in the village, has 

 aom* interesting architectural feature*. There ia a Free Gramme* 

 school A amall customary market for meat and vegetable* ia held 

 on Wodneaday. Some boat-building ia carried on. Dufton, popu- 

 lation of the township 488, ia aituated at the foot of Dufton fella, 

 4 milea N. from Appleby. Besides the church, which was rebuilt in 

 1775, there are places of worship for Wesleyan and Primitive Method- 

 iata, and a Free Grammar school Many of the inhabitants are 

 employed in lead-mine*. Oratmere, population of the township 445, 

 atanda in a picturesque situation at the head of Grasmere Lake, and 

 in the midat of very fine scenery. The church is small The place is 

 a favourite summer resort. A sheep fair is held on the first Tuesday 

 in September. Holme, population of the township 1154, lies between 

 the Preston and Carlisle railway (which has a station here) and the 

 Lancaster and Kendal Canal, 2 milea N. from Burton-in-Kendal The 

 diatrict church, which is in the early English style, was erected in 

 1839. There ia a National school. A flax- and linen-mill ia in the 

 Tillage. Kirkby Thore, population of the township 412, is situated at 

 the confluence of the Troutbeck with the Eden, 6 miles N.N.W. from 

 Appleby. Besides the church there are chapels for Wesleyan Method- 

 ista and Independent* in the village. A great portion of the village 

 has been built out of the ruina of the Roman station known as Whelp 

 Cattle, langdale, population of the chapelry 530, is about 5 miles 

 W. from Ambleside. The village of Langdale is of little importance, 

 the houses being scattered in a straggling manner along the picturesque 

 dale from which it receives its name. The dale is very narrow, and 

 the mountains at the head of it, the Langdale Pikes, 2400 feet high, 

 are not only lofty, but of remarkably bold and rugged character. 

 The scenery of Langdale ia among tho most striking in the Lake 

 diatrict Two celebrated waterfalls, Skelwith and Colwith forces, are 

 in the vicinity. Beaidea the chapel there is a parochial school. Lowther, 

 population of the pariah 494, is about 4 miles S. from Peurith. The 

 place is only note-worthy on account of Lowther Castle, the magni- 

 ficent aeat of the Earl of Lonsdale. The mansion was erected in 1810 

 from the designs of Robert Smirke. It is a castellated edifice, standing 

 on an eminence ; the north front ia 420 feet long. It stands in a park 

 of 600 acre*, the scenery of which is of the most picturesque cha- 

 racter. Brougham Hall, the seat of Lord Brougham, is about 3 miles 

 N. by E. from Lowther. Long Marlon, population of tho townahip 

 762, ia a neat modem village, on the right bank of the Troutbeck, 

 4 miles N. by W. from Appleby. Besides the church, which is a 

 spacious edifice standing on the south of the village, there is a 

 Dissenting chapel. Murland, population of the township 394, is 

 6 milea N.W. from Appleby. The church is ancient ; the Wesley an 

 Methodixta and Quakers have places of worship, and there ia a Gram- 

 mar school. Over Slaeeley, population of the township 732, is 4J miles 

 N.W. from Kenda), on the Windermere railway, which has a station 

 here. There are a chapel and a Free achool. In the village are turning- 

 mills, and mills for spinning woollen and yarn. Patterdale, population 

 of the chapelry 686, is picturesquely situated at the head of Ulleswater, 

 about 9 miles N. from Ambleside. The chapel is a email old building. 

 A fcheep fair is held in October. The scenery of Patterdale and its 

 vicinity forma a splendid combination of lakes and mountains, and 

 the place ia a favourite station of tourists. Pooley Bridye, at the foot 

 of Ulleawater, ia another tourists' station. The village is small ; the 

 imputation ia not given. Temple Sowerby, population of the chapelry 

 872, ia 7 milea N.N.W. from Appleby, near the right bank of the 

 Eden, which ia here crossed by a handsome stone bridge erected in 

 1748. The chapel is modern. There is a tanyard, and a good deal 

 of trade ia carried on. Faira for cattle and sheep are held on the last 

 Thursdays in February, March, and October, and the second Thursday 

 in May. In the neighbourhood are many good residence*, tt'arcop, 

 I Kipulation of tho pariah 740, is on the right bank of the Eden, 3 miles 

 W. by N. from Brough. The church ia ancient ; there are a Wesleyan 

 Methodist chapel and a National school In the village is an ancient 

 manorial cross. Lead-mines are in the parish. 



DivitioM for Sccletiattical, Legal, and Parliamentary Purjmiet. 

 Westmorland i* divided between the dioceses of Carlisle and Cheater : 

 tho East and Weat wards, constituting the ancient barony of 

 morland, are in the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle ; Keudal and 

 Lonailale wards are in the archdeaconry of Richmond and diocese of 

 Chester. The number of parishes in the county is only 32 ; but aa 

 many of the parishes, from their great extent, which averages more 

 Lhan 15,000 acres, or nearly 24 square milea each, and rises in some 

 instances (Kirkby Stephen and Kirkby Lousdale) to above 30,000 

 acres), and in one instance (Kendal) to near 70,000 acres, have been 

 divided into chapelries, the number of ecclesiastical charges ia much 

 jreater. By tho Poor-Law Commissioners the couuty is divided into 

 three Poor-Law Unions : East Ward, Kendal, and West Ward. These 

 unions include 110 parishes and townships, with an area of 4 

 acres, and a population in 1851 of 53,387. The county is include.! in 

 the northern circuit The assizes are held at Appleby. The quarter 

 sessions for the county are held at Appleby, and by adjournment at 

 Kendal. County courts are held at Ambleside, Appleby, Keudal, and 

 Kirkby Lonsdale, A county jail aud house of correction is at Appleby, 

 and a county house of correction at Keudal Before tho passing of the 

 Reform Act four members were returned to parliament from tho 

 county of Westmorland, namely, two for the county itself, and two 

 for the borough of Appleby. By the Reform Act Appleby was dis- 

 franchised, aud Kendal made a parliamentary borough, to return one 

 member. 



History and Antiquitiet. In the earliest historical period this county 

 appears to have been included in the extensive territory of the 

 Jirigautes ; and upon tho subjugation of South Britain by the Roman.*, 

 it was comprehended in the province of Maxima Cscsariensis. 



A Roman road ran through tho county nearly in the line of the old 

 mail-road by Greta Bridge to Carlisle. At Brougham it crossed the 

 Eamont into Cumberland. Between Brough and Kirkby Thore it is 

 six yards wide, and on level ground is formed of three layers of stone 

 of the aggregate thickness of a yard, the lowest layer being the largest 

 In other places it was sometimes made of gravel or of flint A road 

 called the Maiden Way branched off from this at Kirkby Thore and 

 ran northward over the moors to Caervoran, one of the stations on 

 the Roman Wall in Northumberland. An ancient camp, or fort, an 

 oblong quadrangle of irregular form, stands oa the line of the Roman 

 Way (which passes through the camp) east of Stainmoor, and on tho 

 border of Yorkshire and Westmorland, part of the camp being in 

 each county. The fragment of Re-Cross, or Rere-C'ross, the ancient 

 boundary-mark of the Scottish principality of Cumberland, aud now 

 of Westmorland and Yorkshire, stands inside the camp. A square 

 stone fort, called Maiden Castle, defended by two ramparts, an inner 

 one of stone with a small ditch, and an outer one of earth with a 

 ditch, stands on the Hue of the road, about two miles west of the 

 camp just noticed. 



The Antouine station or town Verterse is generally fixed at Brough, 

 and Brovanacao at Kirkby Thore, to the south-east of which village, 

 on Speedy Moor, are the remains of a camp or fort called Whelp 

 Castle, at the place seemingly where the Maiden Way diverged from 

 the principal Roman road. The Brocavum of Antoninus is fixed at 

 Brougham. Of several other stations the sites have not been definitely 

 ascertained. A number of Roman inscriptions have been found in 

 Westmorland, several of which are given in Horsley's ' Britannia 

 Romano.' 



There are several camps and earthen forts in different places, though 

 it is doubtful to what period some of them are to be referred. Near 

 the south end of Dun Fell, on Milburu Forest, is a round camp or fort 

 surrounded with deep ditches, called Green Castle. An altar, with 

 the inscription 'DEO SILVANO,' was found hero. There are several 

 appearances of camps and roads on the waste ground of Milburn Forest. 

 At the end of Yauwathwood, on the west bank of the Lowther, oppo- 

 site Lowther Hall, is another round fort called Castlesteads ; and at 

 the south end of Eamont Bridge is a circular inclosure, formed by a 

 lofty embankment with a ditch inside ; it is known as Arthur's Round 

 Table. At Sayle Bottom near Great Asby are a number of barrows, 

 with a deep trench and a breastwork on two sides of the ground which 

 they occupy ; and at Sandford, between Warcop and Appleby, near 

 the line of the Roman road, are some more barrows, two small camps, 

 aud the ruins of a small round fort, the walls of which are of immense 

 thickness, and built with red stone strongly cemented with lime aud 

 sand. 



There are some monuments of the prehistoric period. Near Arthur's 

 Round Table was found in 1800, under an artificial hillock, a compl '(> 

 circle of stones inclosing an area nine feet in diameter, and having in 

 the centre a slab of stone supported on blocks or pillars of the same 

 material Mayborough Castle, in the same neighbourhood, is a circular 

 inolosure of loose stones, having an entrance on the east. On the waste 

 near Helton, between the rivers Lowther and Eamout, is a remarkable 

 upright stone called Helton-Copstone ; aud about a quarter of a milo 

 to the north of it is a circle of stones, 10 yards in diami-ter, called the 

 Druids' Cross. Another circle, 21 yards in diameter, called the Cock- 

 Stones, stands at the head of Ellerbeck, in the neighbourhood of 

 Ulleswater ; and there is a large cairn on the descent from the moor 

 towards Pooley, at the lower end of Ulleswater. On Lowther Scar is 

 , a circle 70 feet in diameter, formed of large stones ; and near Shap 



