1101 



WESTON. 



WETZLAR. 



1103 



an the remains of two converging lines of huge stones of unhewn 

 granite, called Carl Lofts. In Guimerkild Bottom, near Sbap, is a 

 circle of stones called the Druids' Temple, but which was unquestion- 

 ably used for a burying-place. 



Westmorland was probably conquered by the Angles of Northumbria 

 under Ecgfrid, who took several districts between the Ribble and 

 Cartmel and Carlisle from the Cumbrian Britons, about A.D. 685. It 

 became part of the kingdom of Northumbria, of which it shared the 

 fate. The county is mentioned only once in the Saxon Chronicle, 

 where it is called Westmoringaland. In the later Anglo Saxon and in 

 the earlier Anglo-Norman period it is said to have been included in 

 the kingdom or principality of Cumbria, held by the heir-presumptive 

 of the crown of Scotland. William the Conqueror erected the baronies 

 of Westmorland and Kendal. Appleby Castle was taken by William 

 of Scotland and the town destroyed in 1173, and the town was again 

 destroyed by the Scots in the reign of Richard II. 



The castles of APPLEBT, KENDAL, BBOCOH, Buley, Howgill, and 

 Brougham, with Shap Abbey, an the principal remains of the build- 

 ings of the middle ages. Buley, or Bewley Castle, is on the left bank 

 of the Eden below Appleby, and is a mere ruin, showing little remains 

 of its former strength. Howgill Castle, near Milbnrn, on the northern 

 border of the county, is occupied as a farm-house; some of the walls 

 are mon than 10 feet thick. Of Brougham Castle there are consider- 

 able remains. The keep is standing, but all the inner apartments are 

 destroyed, except one vault, the roof of which is formed of groined 

 arches, supported by an octagonal pillar in the centre. 



In the civil war of Charles I., Appleby Castle was occupied by a 

 royalist garrison, but was obliged at last to surrender. One of the 

 islands in Wmdermers was the stronghold of Colonel and Major Philip- 

 son, brothers, royalists. In the rebellion of 1745-46 then was some 

 fighting at Kendal (14th December, 1746), between the townspeople 

 and a party of the rebels then on their retreat toward Scotland ; and 

 a few days after then was a rather severe skirmish at Clifton, on the 

 road to Penrith, between the rear-guard of the insurgents and the 

 forces of the Duke of Cumberland. 



Statittict: Reliyiout Wurtkip and Sdueaticn. According to the 

 Returns of the Census for 1851 it appears that then were then in the 

 county 165 places of worship, of which 78 belonged to the Church of 

 England, to Wesleyan Methodists, 16 to Primitive Methodist*, 13 

 to Association Methodists, 9 to Independents, 4 to Baptists, 4 to 

 Quakers, and 3 to Roman Catholics. The total number of sittings 

 provided was 37,138. Of Sunday schools there wen 121, of which 74 

 wen in connection with the Church of England. The total number 

 of Sunday scholars was 7516. Of day schools then wen 214, of which 

 119 wen public schools with 6594 scholars, and 95 wen private schools 

 with 2384 scholars. Then wen 5 evening schools for adults, with 

 157 scholars. Of literary and scientific institutes there wen 5, with 

 848 members, and libraries containing 2545 volumes. 



Sarinyt Bank*. In 1853 the county possessed two savings banks, 

 at Kirkby Lonsdale and Kirkby Stephen. The amount owing to depo- 

 sitors on November 20th 1858 was 35,511t. 16*. 4ct 



<TON. [BucKiSiiUAJlsniBi ; CHCBHIU; OLorCBSTEMninr. ; 

 8oMEHsrrsntRC.J 



fPHALIA, erected a kingdom by the emperor Napoleon 1 on 

 the 15th of November, 1807, consisted of the territories of Brunswick- 

 WolfrabutUl and Hesse-Cassel (with the exception of Hanau and 

 Katienelnbogen), the Prussian provinces of Magdeburg and the Old 

 Mark on the left bank of the Elbe, Hnlbenrta.lt with Hohnstoin, 

 Hildesheim with Ooslar, Mansfeld, Quedlinburg, Eicbsfeld with Tref- 

 furt, Muhlbausen and Nordhausen, Stolberg-Wemigerode, Paderborn, 

 Minden and RavMuberg, the Hanoverian provinces of Oottingin, 

 Onibenhagen, and Osnaburg. the principality of Corvey, belonging to 

 Nassau Orange, and the county of Rietberg. The ana of this new 

 kingdom was 14,500 qu.in miles, with 1,917,000 inhabitants. Napo- 

 leon I. appoint*! his youngest brother, Jerome, king, who made 

 Cassel his capital After the battle of Leipsig, king Jerome having 

 retired into France, the Prussians returned into Cassel, and in a few 

 days the former government* wen restored in almost the whole of tho 

 .. 



1TE8TPHALU, a province of Prussia, constituted in 1815 out of 

 the former duchy of Westphalia and of several small principalities, is 

 situated Utween 50* 43' and 52* 80' N. Lit, 6* 25' and 9* 20' E. long. 

 Its are* is 7786 square miles; the population in 1852 numbered 

 888,841 Catholics, 652,801 Protestants of different sects, 15,499 Jews, 

 109 Mennonito. and 1 Greek ; in all 1,504,251 inhabitants. Westphalia 

 is boiin'lr.l N.W. by Holland; N. by Hanover; E. by Hanover, Brunn- 

 wick, and Hassc-Cassel ; S.E. by Hesse-Cassel, Waldeck, and Hease- 

 Darmiitadt ; and 8.W. and W. by Rhenish Prussia, 



The northern half of the province, north of the Lippe, belongs to 

 the (rreat plain of Northern Germany, and has no mountains properly 

 peaking, though some low eminences run from the Egge to the Weser 

 1'orta Westphalica, and pass through the government of 

 . Osnaburg: the other half, to tho south of the Li|.|.o, 

 eonsiats of small chains of mountains and hills, which contain many 

 valleys. In the northern half the soil is in general sandy, with exten- 

 sive heath* and morasses, and scanty forests ; in the southern half the 

 oil \ firm and sand is ran : it is not always productive, but the 

 forests an very fine. The mountains in the province an all onsets 



of the Harz. To these belong : 1. The Weser chain. 2. The Teuto- 

 burgerwald, a remarkable chain which traverses the province like a wall 

 towards the Netherlands, from the Rhine to the middle of the Ems. 

 It has only one opening or break till it comes to Bielefeld. Tho chain 

 forms the watershed between the Rhine and the Lippe, and is covered 

 with fine forests of oaks, beeches, and other trees. 3. The Suntelge- 

 birge, a beautiful picturesque chain, which forms a semicircle of 45 

 miles in diameter, extending from the neighbourhood of Oauaburg, 

 through the district of Minden, to the Steinhuder Lake in Lippe- 

 Schaumburg. There is a pass through this chain, exactly in the centre, 

 about 5 miles below Minden. and tliis is the celebrated Porta West- 

 phalica. [WJESEB.] 



The principal rivers are the Weser, the Ems, the Lippe, the Kohr, 

 and the Vechta. There are no lakes, but marshea are numerous, 

 especially in the northern part : the principal mineral-waters are those 

 of Driburg and Schwelm. 



Tho climate is temperate and healthy : the air is purer, but colder 

 in the southern than in the northern part, where foga, caused by tho 

 marshes, are frequent. The winter is cold and wet, and the heat in 

 summer is often very great in the flat extensive heaths. 



The vegetable products are, corn of all kinds; peas and beans, 

 garden vegetables, fruit, hemp and flax (which are staple articles), 

 some hops, and in the mountainous part timber in great quantities. 

 The minerals an iron, copper, lead, calamine, marble, slate, freestone, 

 salt, and coals : there an extensive turf-moors. The manufactures are 

 of considerable importance, especially those of linen, cotton, woollen- 

 cloth, silk, leather, hosiery, and paper. There are numerous iron-, 

 copper-, and steel-works, and manufactories of all kinds of cutlery, and 

 copper, brass, and iron goods. There are also many sugar-refineries, 

 brandy-distilleries, and tanneries in the province. Cotton factories 

 have been recently established at a few places in the circle of Hagen. 

 The trade of the province consists in the exportation of its own natural 

 productions and manufactures. 



The province is divided into three circles MONSTER, MINDEN, and 

 ARNSBERO, which form subjects of separate articles. In these articles 

 or under independent heads all the towns of the province are noticed. 

 Miinster is the capital The province is traversed by the Cologne- 

 Mimlen railway, which connects the Hanoverian and Prussian lines 

 with the Rhine and Belgian railroads. From Hanover lines run to 

 MUnster and to Cassel. 



The name Wtttpkolia was originally given to the country in the 

 north-west of Germany between the Weser, the Rhine, and the Ems. 

 The country between the Weser and the Elbe was called Ottplialia, or 

 Eastphalia ; but this name has fallen iuto disuse. The whole was 

 included in the great duchy of Saxony, and was sometimes called 

 Saucrland. The archbishops of Cologne held a portion of it, which 

 constituted the duchy of Westphalia from 1179 till 1S02, when the 

 duchy was given to Hesse-Darmstadt, which ceded it to Prussia in 1815. 



Westphalia gave name also to a large circle of the German empire, 

 with an area of about 27,000 square miles, and comprehending the 

 bishoprics of Miinnter, Paderbogh, Osnaburg, Liege, and Corvey ; the 

 duchies of Jiilich, Cleves, Berg, and Oldenburg; the principalities of 

 Minden, Vcrden, and Friesland ; the counties of Ravensburg, Mark, 

 Hoya, DiepholU, Scbaumburg, Lippe, Bentbeim, Tecklenburg, Liugeii, 

 Strinfurt, Rietberg ; and many ecclesiastical aud temporal lordships. 



\\ KSTPORT, county of Mayo, Ireland, a market-town, and the seat 

 of a Poor-Law Union, is situated near the southern extremity of the 

 head of Clew Bay, in 53* 48' N. lat., 9* 28' W. long., distant 10 j miles 

 W.S.W. from Castlebar, 170 miles W. by N. from Dublin. The 

 population of the town in 1851 was 4816, besides 2991 inmates of 

 the workhouse. Westport Poor-Law Union comprises 20 electoral 

 divisions, with an area of 175,508 acres, and a population in 1851 of 

 36,202. The town, which owes its plan and chief improvements to 

 the first Marquii of Sligo, is well built and regularly laid out. At the 

 foot of the Mall, or principal street, which is lined with large aud 

 handsome houses, is the entrance to the beautiful demesne and fine 

 mansion of the Marquis of Sligo, proprietor of the town. Besides 

 the parish church there are chapels for Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, 

 and Methodists, a convent of tho Sisters of Mercy, and a Roman 

 Catholic Free school for boys and girls. The court-house is a neat 

 substantial building, having a bridewell connected with it. There arc 

 also a market-house, a linen ball, a dispensary built and liberally 

 aided by the Marquis of Sligo, military and constabulary barracks, 

 and the Union workhouse. There are various manufactories in the 

 town, and a weekly market is held on Thursday for linen, corn, and 

 provisions. The harbour, which is at Weitport Quay, a village about 

 a milo west from tho town, has a custom-house and large bonding 

 warehouses. The port has a considerable fishery and an extensive 

 trade. Quarter and petty sessions and a manor court are held in tho 

 town. Fairs are held four times in the year. 



WETHERAL. [CUMBERLAND.] 



WKTIIKUBY. [YouMiimi:.] 



\VI;TIII:U>KIKUJ. [ESSEX.] 

 WKITKIIN, LAKE. [SwKDEK.] 



WKTUMl'KA. [ALABAMA.] 



WHTXLAH, the chief town of a circle in the government of Coblenz 

 in Rhenish Prussia, is situated in a romantic country 36 miles E. by N. 

 from Coblenz, on the banks of the Lahn, over which there is a stone 



