llll 



WIHTBQATK. 



WICKLOW. 



1113 



wilkln .bout mil*, and remains about tfarM milM distant from the 

 than ibor*. Law vMb therefor* mutt keep near the chore, 

 wakfe i* m-rally rocky nU of moderate height, but may !* safuly 

 ", u the depth ia seldom lew than 20 fathoms. A bnr lie* 

 of the river Dwina, which at low-water has a 



dmth of only 1S| fet, and at high-water from 144 to 15 feet; at 

 amfac I Mi it rim to 17 feat But the tea u frequently corered with 

 fan, which are thick at a distance from the shore, but much lesa so as 

 UM ooast is approached, which circumstance renders them less dan- 

 arom to shipping. The navigation is open for five or six months in 

 w*yar. 



fib 1s more abundant in the White Sa than in any of the closed 

 KM of Europe. Seals are very frequently met with on the shores. 

 The white fish, a* it is called by the whalers of Spitzbergen, or the 

 beluga, or white whale, of authors and navigators, yields a valuable 

 oil, and is met with in large shoal*. Cod is taken in great quantities 

 i>mg the coast of the peninsula of Kola. Herrings are ns numerous 

 as along the coast of Norway. The Salmo autumnalit of Pallas enters, 

 towards the end of the summer, the small lakes along the coast, and is 

 much esteemed for its flavour. But the fishery carried on by the 

 population on the shores of the White Sea is not limited to that sea. 

 From Archangel, Me>en, and Onega many vessels are annually sent to 

 the coasts of the Polar Sea, and especially to Spitzbergen and Nova 

 Zembla, where they take whales of different kinds, seals, and the 

 walrus. 



In 1658 Richard Chancellor, with his ship belonging to the squadron 

 of Sir Hugh Willoughby, who had been sent to discover a north-east 

 passnge to Oataia or China, arrived at St. Nikolaus, not far from the 

 present town of Archangel, and by this voyage, and the negotiations 

 which followed it, the empire of liussia was first opened to English 

 enterprise, and the Whito Sea made known to Europeans. The 

 principal trading-place in the White Sea is ARCHANUIX. 



WHITEGATE. [CORK.] 



W111TEHAVEN, Cumberland, a market-town, aea-port, parlia- 

 mentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the parish 

 of St. Bees, is situated on the western coast, on a level inlet between 

 rocky and precipitous clifis, in 54 33' N. lat, 3 35' W. long., distant 

 M mile* aW. from Carlisle, 294 miles N.N.W. from London by road, 

 and 34 miles by the North- Western and connected railways rid Carlisle. 

 The population of the parliamentary borough in 1851 was 18,916. 

 The town is governed by 21 trustees, elected triennial!}-, who have also 

 the management of the harbour. The borough returns one member 

 to the Imperial Parliament. The living ia a perpetual curacy in the 

 archdeaconry of Richmond and diocese of Chester. Whitehaven Poor- 

 Law Union contains 23 parishes and townships, with an area of 98,713 

 acres, and a population in 1851 of 35,579. 



In the reign of Elizabeth, Whitehaven was a small fishing village, 

 containing six houses. It is now a well-built town, with considerable 

 commerce, and its shipping business is important. The town is lighted 

 with ga>, and is supplied with water from Enncrdalc Lake. In the 

 vicinity are extensive collieries, some of which ore wrought to the 

 extent of two miles under the sea. Some of the coal-seams are eight 

 feet and others are eleven feet thick. The harbour is commodious ; 

 it is tidal, but by means of a pier, constructed by Sir John Reunic, 

 there is a depth of nine feet of water at low tide. There is a patent 

 slip for the repair of large vessels. The port possesses two forts for 

 its protection, and also two batteries of 42-pounders, all of which 

 were repaired after the piratical attack of Paul Jones in 1771. At 

 the entrance of the harbour are two lighthouses. The manufactures 

 are of sail-cloth, linen, check, earthenware, caudles, soap, &c. There 

 are large rope-works and extensive ship-building yards. Coal is 

 exported, chiefly to Dublin and other Irish ports. Communication 

 by steam-vessels is maintained with Liverpool. Belfast, Dublin, and 

 the We of Mao. 



There are in Whitehaven three churches of the Establishment; 

 chapels for Wrslnyan, I'rimitivc, and Association Methodists, Inde- 

 pendent*, Engluh Presbyterians, United Presbyterians, Baptists, 

 Quakers, and Itoman Catholics ; a Marine school ; National, British, 

 and Infant schools ; a mechanics institute; a news-room and library; 

 and a savings bank. The market-house is a neat building ; there are 

 a custom-bouse, a house of correction, an infirmary and dispensary, 

 wit-water batba, and a theatre. Petty sessions and a county court are 

 held. The market days are Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. A 

 fair or great market is held on August 12th. The northern approach 

 to the town it through a gateway of red freestone, above which is a 

 railway for coal-waggons ; and at the south-east end of the town is a 

 castellated mansion of the Earl of Lonsdale, called the Castle. 



The number and tonnage of vessels registered as belonging to the 

 port of Whitehaven on December 31st 185* were Under 60 tons, 

 3 sailing vessel,, tonnage 335, and one steam-vestel of 87 tons ; above 

 50 tons, 173 sailing-vessels, tonnage 29,540, and 4 steam-vessels, ton- 

 Mi* 878. During 1854 there entered and cleared at the port, inwards, 

 C81 sailing-Teasels of 27,969 tons, and 317 steam-vessels of 7.1,113 

 tons ; outwards, 3223 nailing-vessels of 238,404 tous, and 831 steam- 

 ve**rls of 7",017 tons. 



K. [ASTBW.l 



WH1THOBN. [WioTommu.1 



WHITTINQTON. [DBBBYSUIBI: ; B&BOMBin.] 



WHI1TLKSKA. OaOiMdgMhin, a decayed market-town and the 

 feat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated in 2 33' N. lat., b' W. long., 

 distant 30 miles N.W. by N. from Cambridge and 78 miles N. by K. 

 from London. The population of the town in 1851 was 5 IT-. Tl.o 

 livings are vicarages in the archdeaconry and diocese of Ely. Whittles**. 

 . Union comprises the parishes of St. Mary and St. Andrew, 

 with an area of 25,131 acres, and a population in 1851 of 7057. 



There are two parish churches in the town, but the respective 

 bounds of the parishes are not known, and there is only one par 

 register. St. Andrew's church is the larger of the two ; St. Mary's 

 church has a very fine tower surmounted with a spire. The Inde- 

 pendents and Baptists have places of worship ; and there are N ational 

 schools, a public library and reading-room, and a literary institution. 

 The market has been discontinued for upwards of 60 years ; there are 

 fairs on January 25th, June 13th, aud October 26th. Whir 

 Mere, which is about 5 miles S.W. from the town, is noticed under 



HUNTINQDONSHIRK. 



WM ITWELL. [DERBYSHIRE.] 



WHITWICK. [LEICESTERSHIBK.] 



WIASMA. [SMOLENSK.] 



WIUORO. [FINLAND; JOTLAND.] 



WICK, Caithness-shire, Scotland, a royal and parliamentary burgh, 

 sea-port and market-town, and the chief town of the county, is 

 situated on the Bay of Wick, 140 miles N.N.E. from Inverness by 

 road, in 68 24' N. lat., 3 5' W. long. The population of the royal 

 burgh in 1851 was 1514 ; of the parliamentary burgh, 6722. The 

 town is governed by a provost and 14 councillors, two of whu; 

 bailies; and unites with Cromarty, Dingwall, Dornoch, Kirkwall, and 

 Tain in returning one member to the Imperial Parliament. 



The town of Wick has increased considerably of late years. 

 Pulteneytown, which is situated on the opposite side of the harbour, 

 and is connected with Wick by a bridge, has been entirely built within 

 the present century. Wick is the chief seat of the herring-fishery in 

 the north of Scotland. In the harbour there are, during the season, 

 usually from 1500 to 2000 boats. The town is lighted with gas and 

 well drained. It possesses the parish church, two Free churches, and 

 chapels for United Presbyterians, Independents, Baptists, Original 

 Seceders, and Roman Catholics. There is an academy in Pulteney- 

 town; the parochial school is in Wick. There area Free Churuli 

 school, a savings bank, and a library. Rope- aud sail-making and tlie 

 dressing of flagstone for pavements are carried on. There are exten- 

 sive docks at Pulteneytown. The vessels registered as belonging to 

 Wick on December 31st 1854 were : Under 50 tons 24, of 61)8 tons ; 

 and above 50 tons 21, of 1876 tons. During the year 1854 thero 

 entered and cleared at the port as follows : Inwards, 766 sailing- 

 vessels, tonnage 39,780, and 176 steam- vessels, tonnage 33,622; out- 

 wards, 910 sailing-vessels, tonnage 48,763; and 168 steaui-vessels, 

 tonnage 32,945. 



WICKHAM-MARKET. [SUFFOLK.] 



WICKLOW, a maritime couuty in the province of Leinster, Ireland, 

 is bounded N. by the county of Dublin, N.W. and W. by Kildarc, 

 S.W. by the county of Carlow, S. by the county of Wexford, and K. 

 by the Irish Channel. It lies between 52 40' and 53 14' N. lat., 6 

 and 6 47' W. long. ; its greatest length is 38 miles from north to 

 south, and its greatest breadth nearly 33 miles. The area comprises 

 781 square miles, or 500,178 acres. In 1841 the population was 

 126,143 ; in 1851 it was 98,978. 



Surface, Hydrography, and Communications. The county of Wick- 

 low is covered by the mountains which skirt on the south-east the 

 great limestone plain of Central Ireland. The central part of the 

 r:mge consists of a mass of granite, protruding through the slate rocks. 

 The slate rocks occupy the rest of the couuty on each side of thu 

 granite, and form mountains of somewhat less elevation on its flank, 

 extending from the central part of the range on the one hand towards 

 the sea; and on the other, towards the great central limestone plain, 

 no part of which is in the county. Wicklow is altogether occupied 

 by crystalline or schistose rocks. 



The eastern flank of the Wicklow Mountains presents a varied aspect, 

 being worn into deep glens and dells, which are lined with abrupt 

 precipices or occupied by lakes, from which begin those narrow trans- 

 verse valleys whose general course to the south-east is distinguished by 

 the most beautiful and romantic scenery. The western (lank, ou tho 

 other hand, presents less variety, the gleus and valleys, which exhibit 

 fewer features of attraction, being more rounded and expanded. The 

 rivers which arise in these have a general tendency towards a north- 

 west direction ; but on both sides of the central range the transverse 

 valleys either merge into or cut across more expanded longitudinal 

 vales by which the Central range is flanked, and beyond whkl: 

 offsets or detached groups and parallel ranges of lower hills. 



This mountain range cannot be considered as having a clearly-defined 

 crest or ridge extending longitudinally, but it is intersected by its 

 transverse valleys, so that the mountains which compose it arc sepa- 

 rated into groups. Their principal summits are as follows : Kippure, 

 '-'473 feet; Seefingan, 2364 feet; Tonduff, North, 2043 feet; Tonduff, 

 South, 2107 feet; Moan Bane, 2313 feet; Gravale, 2352 feet; Duff 

 Kill, 2364 feet; Mullaghcleevaun, 2783 feet; Tonelogee, 2307 feet; 

 Carrigeendufl; 2105 feet; Little Sugar-Loaf, 1120 foot, and Great 



