11*7 



WORTEMBERO. 



WURZBURQ. 



lies 



There ar wide and fertile valleys, the principal of which are those 

 of the NWkar and of the Danube. The diversity of mountain and 

 Taller, the futility of the toil, and the luxuriance of the vegetation 

 eombuio to produce a great variety of beautiful scenery, and render 

 Wurtembftf one of the finest parts of Central Europe. 



The chief rivers are the Neckar [NBCKAR-Knns] and tho DANUBE, 

 iuto which almost all the other rivers discharge themselves. The 

 principal affluents of the Neckar are on the right the Kooher, a con- 

 siderable river, which has a course of 160 miles; the Kerns; the 

 Kyaeh; and the Jagit; on the left the Knz, which has a course of 

 98 mil**, and at its junction with the Neckar at Berigheim has a 

 volume of water nearly equal to that river. The Danube enters 

 Wurtemberg at Tifttlingen, and crosses the kingdom in a generally 

 north-east direction to Ulm, where it enters Bavaria, The chief 

 affluent is the Iller, which joins it on the right bank near Ulm. The 

 Lake of Coostani is the only considerable lake in the kingdom, which 

 however only touches a small portion of Wurtemberg on the southern 

 frontier. The small lakes are numerous. The Fidersee is about five 

 miles long and as many broad. 



The soil is extremely fertile, except in the higher regions of the 

 Alp and the Schwaravrald, where the substratum is unfavourable to 

 vegetation. 



The climate is healthy, temperate, and mild, with differences however 

 arioiog from elevation. The summits of the Alp and the Schwarz- 

 wald are too cold to produce corn, and are covered with forests and 

 pastures. Goitrous affections are very common in the Kocherthal and 

 the RoththaL 



Of domestic animals in 1852 there were horned cattle, 811,159 ; 

 sheep, 458,488 ; swine, 143,524 ; horses, 95,038 ; being in every class a 

 large diminution from the numbers of each in 1850. There are still a 

 few stags and deer in the forests, as well as foxes, badgers, some wild 

 cats, squirrels, martens, and weasels. Poultry of all kinds is abund- 

 ant, and also game and wild-fowl. There are several species of owls, 

 which are very numerous. The many small lakes and all the rivers 

 yield a great variety of fish. In many parts of the kingdom bees 

 are kept, and nilk-worms have been introduced. Leeches are bred in 

 ponds, and edible snails in separate reservoirs. 



Agriculture. The distribution of the soil in 1852 was as follows : 

 Corn land, 2,050,102 acres; gardens, 94,773 acres; vineyards, 64,678 

 acres; meadows, 687,653 acres; pastures, 208,206 acres; forests, 

 1,497,062 acres; roads, 103,648 acres; railways, 2429 acres; buildings, 

 21,777 acres; heaths and birren lands, 65,844 acres ; lakes, rivers, &e., 

 $1,384 acres : total, 4,827,556 acres. The quantity of wine produced 

 in 1852 was 5,822,180 gallons. 



Wurtemberg is one of the most fruitful countries of Germany, and 

 agriculture is on the whole carried on upon a good system. On the 

 26th of September there is an annual agricultural fete at Cannstadt, 

 at which prizes are given. A manifest improvement in the breed of 

 cattle and bones is remarked at every new cattle-show. 



The kinds of grain cultivated are chiefly spelt, maize, oats, barley, 

 rye, and wheat There is usually a surplus for exportation. The 

 other agricultural productions are peas, beans, vetches, potatoes, flax, 

 hemp, rape-seed, poppies, hops, and tobacco. Fodder of many kinds 

 is abundant. Of the vineyards more than three-fifths ore in the circle 

 of the Neckar. There are the Tauber and Lake (that is, of Constauz) 

 wines, which resemble lihenish. 



The minerals arc copper, lead, zinc, and iron, marble, alabaster, 

 millstones, freettone, gypsum, quartz, garnets, tourmalins, amethysts, 

 chrysolites, rock-crystal, agate, chalcedony, carnelian, opal, jasper, 

 porcelain earth, potters'-clay, basalt, fullers'-earth, chalk, marl, coal, 

 and salt. The salt-works are the property of government, which has 

 the monopoly of the salt-trade ; the annual produce is 24,000 tons. 

 Moat of the Swiss receive their supply of salt from Wurtemberg, 

 according to specific conventions. 



Manufacture!. There are manufactures of almost every description, 

 and though not on so extensive a scale as in some other parts of 

 Oermany, they are of considerable importance. The principal are 

 linen, woollen-cloth, calicoes, silks, lace, hosiery, muslin, carpets, 

 leather, porcelain, earthenware, ironmongery and steclware, gold and 

 silver plate, tobacco, tobacco-pipes, and gunpowder; there are numerous 

 dutUl. riei, breweries, and chemical factories. 



Commerce. Wurtemberg has a very considerable trade. The exports 

 cooiut both of the natural productions and manufactures, horned 

 cattle, honea, sheep, salt, corn, timber, raw hides, wool, garden-seeds, 

 millstones, and saltpetre ; gold and silver articles, leather, hats, paper, 

 white-lead, tobacco, oil, chemicals, vinegar, aud printed books. The 

 import* consist of raw cotton and cotton manufactures, silks, glass 

 wares, wine, fruit, cheese, china, earthenware, aud all kinds of colonial 

 produce. There it likewise a very great transit trade. The inland 

 navigation is important, especially on the Neckar, which becomes 

 navigable at CannsUdt Steamers ply below Heilbronn. A railroad 

 runs from Stuttgardt to the Lake of Constanz through Ulm, where it 

 is joined by the Bavarian line to Augsburg and Mlinich. Another line 

 rum north from Stuttgardt to Heilbronn, with a branch westward 

 vtigheim to the Bruchml station, on the trunk railway along 



IB right bank of the Rhine. Wiirtembortf is a member of the Qerman 

 Zoll-verein, or commercial union. 



the exception of about 22,000 Jews and some 



foreigners, the population is entirely Qerman. With respect to religion 

 the Protestants are to the Catholics in the ratio of 2 to 1 very nearly. 

 In 1850 the population, including that of Hohenzollern, amounted to 

 1,802,252; namely, 885,756 males, and 916,496 females. The births 

 were 74,294, of which 9804 were illegitimate. The deaths amounted 

 to 53,233. The average revenue of Wurtemberg for the years com- 

 prising the interval 1852-55 was 1,218,977*. The expenditure in 1854 

 w.is 1,216,4031. The total amount of the public debt was 4,841,2912. 

 Emigration has for several years tended to keep down the population 

 of Wurtemberg. 



Education. In regard to education, Wurtemberg ranks very high. 

 There is not a parish in tho kingdom without its school. The establish- 

 ments for higher and special instruction are a university at Tubingen, 

 with about 800 students ; 7 gymnasia, 4 lyceums, 78 Grammar n 

 a Protestant seminary at Tubingen, a large number of Protestant 

 theological seminaries, 4 seminaries for Roman Catholic priests, Pro- 

 testant and Catholic training-schools, schools of philology and sciences, 

 schools for the deaf and dumb, for the blind, for drawing, <tc. 

 According to law, every child is to attend scbool from the age of six 

 to that of fourteen. Tho private literary societies are numerous. 



The Army. Every subject of Wiirtemberg is liable to serve as soon 

 as he has completed his twentieth year, and he has to serve six years. 

 The army numbers in all 19,017 men in time of war, and 8107 

 in time of peace ; it consists of eight regiments of infantry, four regi- 

 ments of cavalry, two battalions of artillery, two garrison companies, 

 and a squadron of jiigers. 



Constitution. Wurtemberg is an hereditary monarchy. According 

 to the constitution, which was completed in 1819, Wurtemberg is a 

 constitutional representative kingdom, with a diet or parliament con- 

 sisting of two chambers. The crown is hereditary in the direct male 

 line, according to the order of primogeniture ; and if the male Hue 

 becomes extinct, in the female line. The constitution secures to the 

 subject every reasonable degree of civil and religious liberty, Christians 

 of the Lutheran, Calvinistic, and lloman Catholic faiths being placed 

 on a footing of perfect equality. The liberty of the press, which had 

 been shackled by a decree of the German diet in 1819, was established 

 by a decree abolishing the censorship, March 1, 1848. In the troubled 

 period that followed the French revolution of 1848, attempts were 

 made to alter the constitution of Wurtemberg ; national assemblies 

 were convoked for this purpose in 1849 and 1850, but in consequence 

 of their wild democratic tendencies they were both dissolved. Wur- 

 temberg has the sixth place in the German diet, and has four votes in 

 the full council. Its contingent to the array of the Confederation 

 is 13,955, forming the first division of the 8th army corps of the 

 Confederation. 



History. At the beginning of the 4th century the Alemauni appeared 

 iu the country, afterwards called Suabia, now partly included in Wur- 

 temberg. In A.D. 496 the Alemauni were overcome by the Franks 

 under Clovis. This country, as a part of Austrasia, subsequently 

 belonged to the kingdom of the Franks, and was governed by dukes, 

 under whom Christianity was introduced. When Germany was 

 governed by kings of its owu nation, Suabia was under dukes, who 

 were often changed ; and, according to the policy of those times, the 

 emperor's owu sons were often put in their place. When the princes 

 of the house of Hohenstaufen, who had become dukes of Suabia, had 

 acquired the imperial crown, they caused Suabia to be governed by 

 members of their family. Philip of Hohenstaufen sold aud gave away 

 a great part of the hereditary estates, and thus created a great number 

 of petty principalities, which after the death of Conradiu in 1268 

 asserted their independence. Ulricli, count of Wurtemberg, who 

 reigned from 1246 to 1265, is the acknowledged founder of the family 

 now on the throne of Wurtemberg. From his death Wiirtemberg 

 was governed by counts of his family till the latter end of the 15th 

 century, when Eberhard V. was created Duke of Wiirtemberg by the 

 emperor Maximilian at the diet at Worms, on the 21st of July, 1494. 

 The reformation was established in Wiirtemberg by Duke Christopher 

 about 1540. In the Thirty Years' War, which began in 1618, the 

 duchy of Wiirtemberg was frequently ravaged. After the first French 

 revolution, Wurtemberg was repeatedly traversed by hostile armies, 

 and a revolutionary spirit spread among the youth. The French 

 crossed the Rhine on the 24th of June, 1796, and on the ISth of July 

 entered Stuttgardt ; and the Austrians being obliged to retreat, the 

 duke was compelled to purchase peace with eight millions of francs 

 and the cession of Mb'uipelgard. The then reigning duke Frederick 

 Eugene died in 1797, and was succeeded by his son Frederick William 

 Charles. 



The territories of Wurtemberg had been greatly curtailed during 

 the war with France, but the German diet in 1803 amply indemnified 

 the duke for this loss, and at the same time made him elector of the 

 empire. His adherence to Napoleon brought him a further extension 

 of territory at the peace of Presburg. On new years' day, 1806, he 

 assumed the title of King of Wurtemberg, and proclaimed a uniform 

 administration for all his dominions, and equal rights to all his Chris- 

 tian subjects. After the battle of Leipzig, Wiirtemberg joined the 

 allies. King Frederick died in 1816, and was succeeded by the present 

 king William I., to whom Wurtemberg is indebted for its excellent 

 constitution. 



WURZBURG, a city in Bavaria, capital of the circle of Lower 



