1173 



YANNINA. 



YAUOSLAV. 



1171 



are navigable to considerable extant. Farther down the Yansr-tse- 

 kiang flows through a rather level country and between high banks, 

 so as not to hare a bottom along its bed. This country is of consider- 

 able fertility, and extends below the town of Nan-king to the vicinity 

 of Tahing-kiang-foo, or the Great Canal. 



About 45 miles below Nan-king the Yang-tse-kiang b joined on the 

 north by the western branch of the Great Canal, and about 10 miles 

 farther down, at the town of Kua-tsheon, by the eastern branch. 

 Both branches unite near the town of Yang-taheou-foo, one of the 

 largest and molt commercial towns in China, jrhoae population is 

 (teted to be two millions by the Jesuits. From Yang-taheou-foo the 

 canal runs directly northward along the borders of Lake Kao-yeou to 

 the Hnong-ho. Opposite the island which is form-d by the two above- 

 mentioned branches of the Great Canal, north of the Yang-tse-kiang, 

 a the entrance to the southern portion of the Great Canal, at the town 

 of Tsbing-kiang-foo. By these two canals the navigation of the Yang- 

 tee kiang is continued over the eastern and northern provinces of China 

 proper. 



At the junction of the canals the width of the river is about two 

 miles, bat farther down it increases considerably. Junks of the 

 largest kind find no difficulty in sailing up the river to Tong-tsheou-foo, 



large town on the northern shores of the sestuary, and even to 

 Tsbing kiang foo. According to the map* the month of the river 

 seem* to form an opening more than sixty miles wide. 



In this opening, but much nearer to the southern shores of the 

 Mtuary, is the alluvial island of Tsung-ming, which is traversed by 

 amorous canals and dikes for the purpose of irrigation. The island 

 i* 60 miles long, 15 to 18 miles wide, and has a population of half a 

 million. It is very fertile, and produce* abundance of rice, millet, 

 cotton, and vegetables. 



The depth of the Yang-Ue-kiang. as far up as the tide* ascend, that 

 if, to Lake Poyanc, is very great, and is expressed in the Chinese pro- 

 verb, The sea has no boundary, and the Ta-kiang no bottom." Such 



depth not found in anv other river, except in the Amaxonaa, below 

 the Strait of Obydo*. The tide of course affects only the surface- 



of the river, and below it the natural current carries the river- 

 r to the sea. This river-water however is pressed to the bottom 

 by thr superincumbent tide-stream, and thus confined it scoops out 

 a much deeper bed than it doe* in other circumstances where such a 

 preoture does not exist 



(Du Halde; Staunton's Brititk gmbaity to C'kina ; Barrow, Tnmlt 

 t'i*i ; Ellis, Jownal of Lord AmJunfi fmtamy to C'Aina ; Abel, 

 ffarratnt of Joumry iu c'AuM ; Klaproth ; Bitter.) 



YANM.NA. [JOA|A.] 



TAOORI. [SooDiH.l 



YARULEY HASTINGS. [NoTHAJirTO!iHi.] 



TAKE. [NoaroLi.] 



YARKIAN, or YAKKAND. [THIA-*BA-NAILC.] 



YAKM. [YouuBiiiB.] 



YARMOUTH, or GREAT YARMOUTH, Norfolk, a markettown, 

 sea-port, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the pariah of Great 

 Yarmouth, is situated near the confluence of the rivers Yar, Waveney, 

 and Burr, in 52' 36' N. lat, 1* 45' E. long., distant 23 mile* E. by & 

 from Norwich, 124 mile* S.K. from London by road, and 136 mile* 

 by the laetorn Contio* and Norfolk railways. The population of 

 the borough in 1861 was S0.87U. The borough is governed by 12 

 iUersssn and 36 councillors, one of whom is mayor ; and returns two 

 member* to the Imperial Parliament Toe living of St. Nicholas is 

 a perpetual curacy in the archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich. 

 Great Yarmouth Poor-Law Union oomprur* the pariah of Gnat 

 Yarmouth, with an area of 1610 acres, and a population in 1861 of 

 MM 



Great Yarmouth is situated chiefly on the left bank of the Yare, 

 bat it extends alep along the left bank of the Bure. Over the Bure 

 is a mepensioa- bridge. The riven Yare and Waveney unite their 

 water* aoejt four mile* south-west from Yarmouth, forming an 

 stuary ealled Brajdon Water ; and the stream U*uin* from the east 

 oad of this lake, bein* joined by the river Bore, retain in iU passage 

 to the <* the name of the Yare. The hamlet of South Town, aome- 

 I called Little Yarmouth, on the right bank of the Yarr, may be 

 a part of Yarmouth. The town extend* beyond the 

 limit* of the old walk, to the north toward* Caktor, and to the south 

 toward* Nelson's monument, and east of the walla, between the old 

 town and the es*v The Tillage of Gorleeton, to the south, near the 

 mouth of the river, is now eonneeted with South Town. 



The town of Yarmouth, within the boundary of the old walls, con- 

 test* of four principal line* of streeU, nearly parallel with the river, 

 aad of about ISO narrow lanes, ealled rows, which form the oom- 

 between the street*. The row* are extremely narrow, 

 of thorn being not more than from five to eight feet wide, 

 aad impaseabU for ordinary whorl-carriage* ; the greater part of the 

 traffic of the town i* therefore carried on in ' Yarmouth cart*,' which 

 are peculiarly constructed, with low wheels, and adapted to the width 

 of the row* ; they are drawn by one hone, and look like sledges, but 

 re well raited for conveying heavy good*. Some of the row* have 

 bera enlarged, particularly one near the middle of the town, to which 

 the name of Kegent-etreet ha* bom given. The principal street* are 

 wide, aad the hoo*e* an mostly well built, bat the mo*t substantial 



and handsome houses ara situated along the quays. The provision- 

 market is spacious. Near it 13 the fish-market. The corn-exchange 

 is in Regent-street Many visitors resort to Yarmouth as a bathing- 

 place, for which purpose it is the best on the coast of Norfolk. The 

 town within the walls is well paved and lighted with gas. The harbour 

 is in the river Yare. There are two quays, South Quay and North 

 Quay. South Quay is the larger ; it is about a mile and a quarter 

 long, well constructed, and improved by Sir J. Renuie. There is a 

 bar at the entrance of the river : but vessels drawing 12 feet water, 

 or about 200 tons burden, can pass it at high water, and sail up to 

 the town. The quay is in some parts 150 yards wide, and there is a 

 beautiful promenade planted with trees along the centre. Opposite 

 the southern part of Yarmouth a jetty, supported on piles, extends 

 about 450 feet into the sea; it is 24 feet wide, and in fine weather 

 affords a pleas mt promenade. 



The guildhall is a building of considerable extent, with a spacious 

 assembly-room. The town-hall, a handsome building, with a portico 

 supported by Tuscan columns, stands on the quay. There are a large 

 custom-house, a jail, a house of correction, the Royal hospital, the 

 Fisherman's hospital, a commercial club-house, a theatre, a ball- and 

 concert-room, and two bath-houses. The oldest church is that of St. 

 Nicholas ; it is a handsome cruciform building, of pointed architecture, 

 with turret* at the west end, and a tower and spire, 163 feet high, in 

 the centre. It was founded in the beginning of the 12th century. 

 St. George's church was built in 1716, and St. Peter's in 1833. At 

 Gorl-ston is an ancient church, and there is a small church iu South 

 Town, called St. Mary's church. The Wesleyan, Primitive and New 

 Connexion Methodist*, Baptists, Independents, Unitarians, Jews, 

 Roman Catholics, and Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion have 

 places of worship. There is also a Mariners' church. There are in 

 Yarmouth a Proprietary Grammar school, British schools, Endowed 

 Hospital schools, Church Charity schools, a Factory evening school 

 for girls, and Infant schools; a public library, a savings bank, and 

 70 almshouses. On the beach, about half a mile from the town 

 towards the mouth of the river, is the Nelson column, which was 

 erected in 1817 : it i* a fluted pillar 140 feet high, surmounted by a 

 statue of Britannia. Not far from the column are barracks, which 

 were built at an expense of 120,000i. The building was used as an 

 hospital after the battle of Waterloo : it is now occupied as a govern- 

 ment asylum for officers of the army and navy afflicted with lunacy. 



The chief business of Yarmouth is in the fishing, curing:, and 

 exporting of herrings. The Yarmouth bloater is a well-known article 

 of commerce. Railway communication with London is of consider- 

 able importance to the herring fishery, the produce of the deep-sea 

 fishing being forwarded to the metropolis daily by railway. There are 

 manufactures of crape and silk goods. Ship-building, rope- and sail- 

 making, and other trades dependent on shipping, are carried on. 

 Salt-works, corn-mill*, soap-works, breweries, malt-houses, tanneries, 

 and iron-foundries afford considerable employment Yarmouth is the 

 chief port for the exports and imports of Norfolk, Suffolk, and part 

 of Essex. It ha* also an extensive inland tradn by the rivers Yare, 

 Waveney, and Bure. The Yare is navigable to Norwich, the Waveney 

 to Bnngay, and the Bure to Aylaham. Coals are largely imported, 

 also timber, salt, wines, and colonial produce; barley is the principal 

 article of export : other grains and pea-t are also shipped in large 

 quantities. The market-days are Wednesday and Saturday ; the chief 

 ales of corn art on Saturday. Fairs are held on the Friday and Satur- 

 day in Eater week, and on Monday and Tuesday at Shrovetide. A 

 county court is held in the town. 



The number of vessel* reaUtered a* belonging to the port of Yar- 

 mouth on December 31st 1854 was : Sailing vessels under 50 tons 

 831, tonnage 9401 ; above 50 tons 264, tonnage 30,032: steam-vessels 

 under 60 ton* 4, tonnage 71 ; above 50 tons 2, tonnage 197. The 

 number and tonnage of vessels entered and cleared at the port during 

 1864 were: Inwards, sailing-vessels 1927, tonnage 153,915; steam- 

 vessels 203, tonnage 27,343 : outwards, sailing-vessel* 774, tonnage 

 48,617; steam-vessels 203, tonnage 27,343. 



From Domesday Book it appears that Yarmouth was a royal 

 demesne, to which belonged 70 burgesses. Henry III. granted a 

 charter, with permission to fortify the town with a wall and moat. 

 The wall had 10 gate*, and was strengthened with 16 towers. In 

 Ket's, or the ' Norfolk,' rebellion, in the reign of Edward VI., Yar- 

 mouth was attacked by the insurgents, who were repulsed by the 

 townsmen. In 1588, on the alarm of the Spanish Armada, a fortress 

 with four towers, whence beacons might be displayed, was erected in 

 the middle of the town. As the navigation off the coast is dangeroiK, 

 floating lights are kept in Yarmouth Roads. A regatta is held annually 

 at Yarmouth. The Denes are used by the inhabitants for cricket ami 

 other amusements; annual racing meetings are held on them. On 

 the beach are the South Star, North Star, and Town batteries. There 

 is a station of the coast-guard at Yarmouth. 



YARMOUTH. | WIGHT, ISLE or; NOVA SCOTIA.] 



YAROSLAV, or JAROSLAW, an extensive government of European 

 Russia, is situated between 56 42' and 59" N. lat., 37 45' and 41 20' 

 E. long. It is bounded N. by Novogorod and Vologda, E. by Kos- 

 troma, S. by Vladimir, and W. by Twer. The area U 13,905 square 

 mile*. The population in 1846 was 1,003,100. 



The country is a pretty high table land, the level surface of which 



