un 



rABOSLAT. 



YONNE. 



1176 



is diversified only by some ridges of low bills and the high banks of 

 the rivers. The soil i mixture of aand and gray clay, and there 

 arc ciU-mire morassrs, and some small tracts which are wholly 

 incapable of cultivation. The hills and the banks of the rivers 

 consist of strata of clay, marl, and limestone. Of the 19 rivers, the 

 principal is the Volga, which enters the government from Twer, runs 

 at first to the north to Mologa, where it is joined by the river of the 

 nine name, then tarns to the south-east, to the city of Taroslav, 

 where it makes a small bend towards the north, and then flows east- 

 ward to Kostroma. At Rybinsk, between Mologa and Yaroslav, it is 

 joined by the Seheksna, All the rivers of the government flow into 

 the Volga, The Mologa and the Seheksna are by far the most con- 

 siderable. The lakes are 38 in number : the largest is that of 

 Nero, near Rostow, which covers an area of 23 square miles. The 

 climate is rather severe ; the winter, spring, and autumn are long ; 

 the summer is short. The purity of the air is very favourable to vege- 

 tation and to the health of the inhabitants. 



Agriculture is the chief occupation of the inhabitants. The soil is 

 only moderately fertile, and the corn produced is far from sufficient 

 for the consumption of the inhabitants. The chief corn crops are 

 rye, barley, wheat, buckwheat, and oats. Peas are grown in large quan- 

 tities ; flax and hemp only for domestic use. Horticulture is well under- 

 stood. Apple* and cherries thrive in the southern circles. The 

 forests chiefly consist of birch, alder, aspen, and underwood; but 

 timber for building is scarce, there being hardly any oaks, and very 

 few piues and firs. The beasts of prey are bears, wolves, lynxes, and 

 foxes; the fur-bearing animals are squirrels, martens, badgers, and 

 weasels ; hares are pretty numerous. The fisheries in the rivers are 

 very productive. Very little attention is paid to the breeding of 

 MMift 



Spinning and weaving, both of flax aud wool, are universally 

 practised ; in the country, gloves, shoes, and cloaks for the peasantry, 

 cap, stockings, harness, and agricultural implements, are manufactured 

 for home use. The manufactures, properly so called, are confined to 

 the towns, and consist of leather, linen, cotton, silk, tobacco, paper, 

 soap, and candles. The principal articles of export are Russia leather, 

 sail-cloth, duck, linen, cordage, some linseed and linseed-oil, salt meat 

 in large quantities, and horsehair ; the imports are corn, brandy, salt, 

 iron, and all kinds of colonial produce, drugs, and manufactures. 



The inhabitants are almost all Russians. They are of the Greek 

 Church, under the Archbishop of Yaroslav and Rostow, whose 

 diocese contains 833 parishes. 



Yarodav, the capital of the government, is situated near to the 

 eastern frontier, at the junction of the Volga with the Kotorosla, the 

 outlet of Lake Nero. The town is surrounded with palisades and 

 defended by a citadel, which is in the angle formed by the two rivers, 

 and is surrounded by a rampart. The city stands on an elevated 

 plateau, and its many stone house 9 , its 44 churches and three monas- 

 teries, give it a striking appearance. It is however ill built, with 

 generally narrow streets ; the principal street by which the town is 

 entered on coming from St. Petersburg is broad, and consists of hand- 

 some stone houses. Yaroslav has a theological seminary, a gymnasium, 

 a district school, and a school for the higher branches of learning, 

 called the Deuiidoff Lyceum, from its founder, Prince Paul Demidoff, 

 who in 1803 endowed it with a capital of 300,000 silver rubles and 

 3600 pea-ants. The lyceum has a very good library. The linen and 

 Russian li-ather of Yaroslav are, highly esteemed. Its trade is very 

 considerable, uu>l the merchants have a very large bazaar. The 

 population is 28,500. 



JRottow, situated on Lake Nero, is one of the most ancient towns in 

 Rutaia. It is eix miles in circuit, has several times suffered by war 

 and fire, and now consists of the city and an extensive suburb. The 

 city is surrounded by a rampart and a moat. The site is low and 

 surrounded by marshes. The Archbishop of Yaroslav resides here, 

 where be has his principal cathedral, an ancient richly-adorned edifice, 

 and a vast palace with a seminary. There are 24 churches and 3 

 convents in the city. Besides the bazaar, the city contains 200 shops 

 and above 1000 houses, with 6500 inhabitants. The great fair of 

 Rostow, which begins at the end of February and continues for a 

 mouth, is attended by at least 40,000 Russians, Armenians, Greeks, 

 and Tartars, who bring goods to the value of 14,000,000 rubles. 



i'glttich, on the right bank of the Volga, is likewise an ancient town. 

 Before it was burnt by the Lithuanians in 1607, it contained, it is said, 

 150 churches, 12 convents, and 30,000 houses. At present it has two 

 convents, 23 churches, and a fortress built of wood. The streets 

 are narrow and crooked. There are 7000 inhabitants, who have a 

 considerable trade aud some manufactures. 



^Kybiiak, at the confluence of the Rybinka with the Volga, 50 miles 

 N.W. from Yaroslav, is an important commercial town, though the 

 population hardly amounts to 4000. Goods are here transferred from 

 the large vessels that ply on the Volga to smaller craft, which convey 

 them to St Petersburg and other Baltic ports. As many as 20.000 

 barges arrive annually with goods to the amount of 250,000,000 rubles. 

 Rybinsk-haa a fine exchange, several churches, an arsenal, a theatre, 

 large bazaars and corn-stores, a bouse of correction, and several 

 schools. Beer, spirits, salt, oil, soap, candles, and earthenware are 

 among the manufactures. Corn is the chief article of commerce 

 Two Urge annual fairs are held. 



YARRA YARRA, RIVER. [AUSTRALIA; VICTORIA.] 

 YAKRIBA, [SooDAN.J 

 YARROW. [SELKIRKSHIRE.] 



YAXLEY. [HUKTINODONRHIRE.] 



YECLA. [MuRCiA.] 



YELDHAM. [ESSEX.] 



YELL. [SHETLAND.] 



YELLOWSTONE, RIVER. [MISSISSIPPI, River.] 



YEMEN. [ARABIA.] 



YENESEI, RIVER. [ALTAI MOUNTAINS ; SIBERIA.] 



YEN1KALE. [AZOF, Sea of; CRIMEA.] 



YENISEISK. [SIBERIA.] 



YENOLAYEWSK. [ASTRAKHAN.] 



YEO, RIVER. [SOMERSETSHIRE.] 



YEOVIL, Somersetshire, a market-town and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 dnion, in the parish of Stone, is situated near the left bank of the 

 river Yeo, in 50 56' N. lat., 2 37' W. long., distant 36 miles S.S.W. 

 from Bath, and 123 miles S.W. by W. from London. The population 

 of the town in 1851 was 5935. The town is governed by a portreeve. 

 The management of the paving, lighting, watching, &c., is under a 

 aody of commissioners. The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry 

 of Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells. Yeovil Poor-Law Union 

 contains 35 parishes and townships, with an area of 51,271 acres, and 

 a population in 1851 of 28,446. 



Yeovil was probably a Roman station, as Roman coins and tesselated 

 pavements have been found at the place ; the town was called Gevele 

 by the Saxons, and Ivle and Givele in Domesday Book, which names 

 may be identified with that of the river Yeo or Ivel. The streets are 

 lighted with gas aud paved. The church is a handsome cruciform 

 idifice, of perpendicular character, 146 feet long and 50 feet wide; the 

 length of the transept is 80 feet. The church stands in a large 

 churchyard surrounded with lime-trees. There are also a new church 

 called Trinity church ; places of worship for Wesleyan Methodists, 

 Independents, Baptists, Quakers, and Unitarians ; a Grammar school ; 

 National schools ; a savings bank ; Wobourne's almshouses, for 12 

 poor persons ; Portreeve's almshouses ; and several parochial charities. 

 A new town-hall has been recently erected. Yeovil was formerly the 

 seat of a woollen manufacture, but the manufacture of leather gloves 

 is now the chief source of employment. The wages paid yearly by 

 the manufacturers of Yeovil and its neighbourhood are estimated at 

 about 100,0001., of which about two-thirds are paid by the Yeovil 

 manufacturers. A considerable number of women and girls are 

 employed in sewing the gloves at their homes. The market is held 

 on Friday, every alternate Friday being regarded as the great market. 

 Large quantities of corn, butter, cheese, hemp, and flax are sold ; and 

 considerable trade is carried on in the sale of cattle. Fairs for horses 

 are held on June 28th and November 17th. In the vicinity of Yeovil 

 are many dairy farms, from which butter in considerable quantities is 

 obtained for the London market. A county court is held iu the town. 



YESH1B-IRMAK. [ANATOLIA.] 



YESO. [JAPAN.] 



YETHOLM. [ROXBURGHSHIRE.] 



YETMINSTER. [DORSETSHIRE.] 



YONNE, a department of central France, is bounded N.E. by the 

 department of Aube, E. by Cote-d'Or, S. by the department of Nievre, 

 W. by that of Loiret, aud N.W. by Seiue-et-Marae. It lies between 

 47 20' and 48 24' N. lat., 2" 55' and 4 20' E. long. Its greatst 

 length is 82 miles ; the greatest breadth is 53 miles. The area is 2868 

 square miles; aud the population in 1851 amounted to 381,133. 



The surface is in many parts undulating ; the highest ground is 

 toward the south-western corner, where the low hills which separate 

 the basin of the Loire from that of the Seine cross the department. 

 The country about Avallou is comprehended in the granitic district 

 of Morvan ; the rest of the department is occupied by the oolitic 

 formations, except the north-west of the department, which is occupied 

 by the chalk formations. Iron-ore is obtained ; freestone, sandstone, 

 and stone suitable for lithography are quarried ; and gun-flints, and 

 red and yellow ochre, are procured. A mine of lead and silver was 

 formerly worked near Avallon. 



The department belongs almost entirely to the basin of the Seine. 

 Some parts along the western border are drained by the Loing aud 

 its affluents ; the central and eastern parts are drained by the Yonne 

 and its tributaries the Cure, the Serein, the Armancon, the Tholon, 

 the Vrin, and the Vannes. The Loing and its feeder the Ouanue rise in 

 the south-west part of the department, and have a north-western course 

 into the adjacent department of LOIRET, iu which their junction takes 

 place. The other feeders of the Loing have only their sources and the 

 upper part of their course in this department. The" Yonne rises iu the 

 department of Nievre, near Chateau-Chinon; and flows north-north- 

 west into the department of Yonne, where it passes Coulanges, Auxerre, 

 Joigny (between these towns it receives the Serein aud the Armaucon, 

 both on the right bank) ; and just below Joigny it receives the Tholon 

 and Vrin, both on the left bank), St. Julien, Sens (near which it receives 

 the Vannes on the right bank, and Villeneuve-la-Quiard. Below Ville- 

 neuve-la-Guiard it quits the department and enters Seiue-et-Marne, 

 through which it flows a short distance west-north-west to Montereau- 

 fault- Yonne, where it unites with the Seine. Its whole course is about 

 150 miles. The river is employed for floating timber from near its 



