urt 



YOUNASKA. 



YORK. 



1180 



nik*<**c-r A.nhntq*e, situated in fertile plain, 14 miles 



ftoa Snu, on the Vanne, ha* four yearly fain ; a considerable trade 

 In wooL liamp, and woollen stuffs : manufactories of coarse woollen 

 doth, ten-yard*, and Un- and fulling mills. 



{. In the fifth arrondissement the chief town is Tmnerre, which is 

 a nation on the Paris Lyon railway, and ii built on the elope of a 

 hill on tbe left bank of the Armancou, over which there U a stone 

 bridge : population, 4510. The Canal de Bourgogne passes near the 

 town, which i< well laid out and well built with houses of stone. The 

 parish church of St-Pierre and the magnificent hospital, founded and 

 endowed by Marguerite de Bourgogne, sister-in-law of St. Louis, are 

 built on a rock aboTe the town, and are remarkable structures. The 

 church of the hospital is of large dimensions and remarkable for the 

 bold architecture of its vaulted roof, which is not supported by pillars. 

 The town baa a college, a theatre, a fine public walk, saw-mills, tan- 

 yards, curriers' -shops, and corn-mills ; paper-hangings and agricultural 

 implement* are manufactured ; and trade is carried on in corn, wine, 

 wood, and earthenware. There are seven yearly fairs. At Tanlay, the 

 ftnt station on the railway S.K. from Tonnerre, some trade is carried 

 on in iron goods and other articles, and there are three yearly fairs. 

 Ancy-lr-Fntnc, which is 9 miles farther along the same railway, has 

 considerable iron-works, a glass-house, a pottery, and a saw-mill. 

 Kuyert, in the valley of the Serein, which is inclosed by hills covered 

 with vilieyard-s has an hospital, and about 1800 inhabitants, who 

 manufacture serge, coarse linen, striped linens, cottons, and woollens, 

 horsecloths, hosiery, bleached wax, wax and tallow candles, leather, 

 and combs ; and trade in corn, wine, and wooL The town which was 

 taken by Edward III. in 1859, and suffered much in the religious wars 

 of the 16th century, is surrounded by walls flanked with well-built 

 tower* of cut-stone. 



The department forms the archiepiscopal diocese of Sens-el- 

 Auxerre. The department is in tbe jurisdiction of the Imperial 

 Court and within the limits of the University-Academy of Dijon, and 

 U included in the 1st Military Division, the head-quarters of which 

 are at Paris. It returns 3 members to the Legislative Chamber of 

 the French empire. 



(Malt* Brun ; Vaysse de Villiers ; JHctionnaire de la Prance ; D'An- 

 ville, fUatiniqiie de la Prance ; Official Paperi.) 



YOUNASKA. [ALEUTIAN ISLANDS.] 



YORK, the capital of Yorkshire, an archiepiscopal city, a municipal 

 and parliimentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Lsw Union, is 

 situated on the banks of the river Ouse, or Ure, which flows through 

 the midst of it, in 53" 37' N. lat, 1" 4' W. long., distant 199 miles N. 

 by W. from London by road, and 191 miles by the Great Northern 

 railway. The population of the municipal borough in 1851 was 36,303; 

 that of the parliamentary borough was 40,359. The borough is governed 

 by 12 aldermen and 36 councillors, of whom one is lord mayor; and 

 returns two members to the Imperial Parliament. The livings are in 

 the archdeaconry and diocese of York. York Poor-Law Union con- 

 tains 82 parishes and townships, with an area of 80,519 acres, and a 

 population in 1851 of 53,932. 



York was originally a town of the Brigantes, a people of Celtic 

 origin, described by Tacitus as the most numerous of the British tribes. 

 It was converted into a Human station during the second campaign of 

 Agricola in Britain, about A.D. 79. By the Romans it was called 

 Eburacum, or Eboraeuin. It appears to have very soon become the 

 principal Roman station of the north, and even of the whole province 

 of Britain. It wai the head-quarters of the sixth legion from the time 

 of its arrival in Britain in the reign of Hadrian, till the departure of 

 the Romans from the island. The ninth legion, which came over with 

 the emperor Claudius, had previously been stationed here, and of 

 course continued here after its incorporation with the sixth. From 

 the time of Septimius Soverus, if not earlier, it was the residence of 

 the emperors when they visited the province, and, in their absence, of 

 the imperial legates. 



One of the angle towers, and a portion of the wall of Eboracutn 

 attached to it, are to this day remaining in an extraordinary state of 

 preservation. Kxcavations made at various times, and in different 

 part* of the city, have discovered many remains of the fortifications of 

 Kboracum, on three of its sides. It is inferred that this important 

 station wa* of a rectangular form, occupying a space of about 650 

 yards by about 550 yards, inclosed by a wall and a rampart mound 

 on the inner side of the wall, and a fosse without ; with four augle 

 tower*, and a series of minor towers, or turrets, and having four gates 

 or principal entrances, from which proceeded military roads to Uio 

 neighbouring stations mentioned in the 'Itinerary' of Antoninus, 

 tions of extensive suburbs, especially on the south-west and 

 north-west, exist in the numerous and interesting remains of funereal 

 monument*, coffins, urns, tombs, baths, temples, and villas, which from 

 time to time, and especially in late years, have been brought to light. 



For more than a century after the departure of the Romans we have 

 no authentic account of the state of York. Though it lost the pre- 

 eminence it had so long maintained ai the different Anglo-Saxon 

 kinRdora* rose and flourished, yet it was unquestionably the chief city 

 of the north, and an important bulwark against the incursions of the 

 Picta, from which there is reason to believe that it suffered greatly. 

 Whra the kingdom of Northumbria was constituted, York became 

 the capital. 



The historical notices of York from the foundation of the kingdom 

 of Northumbria to the Norman Conquest are sufficient to show that 

 it continued to be a place of considerable importance. It was the 

 principal royal residence. Here, ' under the lofty walls of York,' sayg 

 Alcuin, Edwin, kins; of Northumbria, and fifth Bretwalda, was baptised 

 by Paulinus ; and here he erected the first metropolitan church. The 

 first Danish invader found it necessary to employ a considerable force 

 in order to make himself master of this bulwark of the north. Kdjar, 

 the first sole monarch of England, held, in the year 96fi, the Witen- 

 agemot in thia city. Siward the Dane, who was earl of Northumb r- 

 laud in the reign of Edward the Confessor, built a church at York, 

 dedicated to the royal Danish saint Olaf, or Olave, preparatory to his 

 intended foundation of a monastery, and, dying at York, was buried 

 in that church. 



Very few Saxon or Danish relics have been discovered at York. An 

 interesting portion of the Saxon church erected by Paulinus, or by 

 Albert, has been brought to light beneath the choir of the present 

 cathedral ; and fragments of crosses, or commemorative pillars, and 

 some coffins, both of stone and wood, belonging to the Saxon period, 

 have occasionally been found. The dean and chapter are in possession 

 of a large and beautifully-carved ivory horn, a Danish relic, presented 

 to the church by Ulphus, a Danish chief and friend of Canute, whcu 

 he endowed it with all his lands. 



Although William was crowned in London by Aldred, archbishop 

 of York, the claims of the Conqueror were for a long while strenuously 

 resisted in the north. As soon as the affairs in the south would permit, 

 William took possession of York, built or repaired two castles in it, 

 and strongly garrisoned them with Norman soldiers. Notwithstanding 

 this, Edgar Atheling appeared at York, and was acknowledged king. 

 The citizens, supported by a powerful body of English ami Scotch, 

 and a considerable number of Danish auxiliaries, besieged the castles, 

 entered them, and put the garrisons to the sword. During the siege 

 a great part of the city WHS destroyed by fire. York soon felt tho 

 destructive vengeance of the Conqueror, who reduced the whole country 

 of Northumbria to a vast wilderness. In the rei^n of Stephen, David, 

 king of Scotland, formed the design of seizing York, and for this pur- 

 pose appeared before it with a powerful army. But this design wai 

 frustrated by the great battle of the Standard, in the year 1138. His 

 grandson, Malcolm IV., was summoned to York by Henry II., whera 

 he did homage to the English king for Lothian ; and according to 

 Knyghton, iu 1171 William, the successor of Malcolm, did homage at 

 York to Henry for ' broad Scotland ;' and in token of submission, 

 offered and deposited upon the altar of St. Peter, in the cathedral 

 church, his breastplate, spear, and saddle. The reign of Richard was 

 ushered in by a general massacre of the Jews. It began iu London, 

 apparently by accident, but was soon followed in other places, and 

 especially in York, where, it has been computed, not less than 1000 or 

 1500 of this unhappy race perished. In the last year of King John 

 the northern barons laid siege to York, but retired on receiving from 

 the citizens 1000 marks. In the year 1230 Henry III. kept his 

 Christinas magnificently at York, with Alexander II. of Scotland, the 

 cardinal legate, and a large concourse of nobility. Henry III. with 

 great magnificence observed the festival of Christmas in 1251, when 

 lie gave his daughter Margaret in marriage to Alexander III. in the 

 presence of all the peers of the realm, and a great assembly of the 

 nobility of Scotland and of France. In the year 1293 a parliament 

 was summoned to meet at York, and in the following spring the whole 

 English army was mustered there, preparatory to their inarch into 

 Scotland. The Courts of King's Bench and Exchequer were on this 

 occasion removed to York, where they appear to have remained seven 

 years. Edward II. made York his head-quarters. In 1327 Edward III. 

 kept his Christmas at York, and on the 24th of January was married 

 in the cathedral church to Pkilippa of llaiuault Three mouths after 

 he had defeated the French on the plains of Crecy, his queen took 

 the field with forces she had collected together at York against the 

 Scotch, who had invaded England under the conduct of David Bruoe. 

 At the battle of Nevill's Cross the Scotch king was taken prisoner, and 

 was afterwards brought to York, whence he was conveyed to the Tower 

 of Loudon. 



Richard II. held a parliament at York, and removed thither for a 

 few mouths the courts of Chancery and King's Bench. The city, 

 having received from him several immunities and privileges, gratefully 

 adhered to him in his adversity, and consequently suffered severely 

 from the vengeance of his successor, Henry IV. The neighbourhood 

 of York was the scene of some of the sanguinary conflicts in the \V,ir 

 of the Roses, and the lofty gates of the city exhibited the barbarous 

 spectacle of the heads of Lancasterians and Yorkists alternately, 

 Richard III., while duke of Gloucester, resided much at his favourite 

 castle of Middleham, and soon after his coronation at Westminster 

 visited the city with his queen. Henry VII. came twice to York for 

 the purpose of suppressing insurrections in the north. 



The dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII. occasioned 

 many insurrections in the north; the most formidable of which was 

 that styled ' the Pilgrimage of Grace.' The insurgents made them- 

 selves masters of York, and compelled the archbishop to take the oath 

 and join their party. The first visit of Charles I. to York was on 

 his peaceable progress to Scotland in 1633 ; his second, six years after- 

 wards, on his hostile expedition against the Scotch. The year 1642 



