YORK. 



YORKSHIRE. 



1186 



the neighbourhood. The institution building was designed by 

 W. Wilkin?, E*q., and opened in 1830. The principal front, towards 

 the river, is about 200 feet in extent, of Doric architecture, with a 

 central portico supported on four columns, resting on a basement of 

 (tone steps. The interior of the building contains a theatre, a lecture- 

 room, a library, a council-room, and various apartments for the 

 collections of specimens in the museum. 



The York Institute of Popular Science and Literature, founded in 

 1827, occupies a spacious building erected about 1846. There is an 

 agricultural society. The medical institutions of York are the County 

 Hospital, founded in the year 1740, the first established north of 

 the Trent; the Dispensary ; the York Lunatic Asylum ; the Retreat, 

 for members of the Society of Friends; and the Eye Infirmary. The 

 principal charitable establishments in the city are Ingram's Hospital 

 for 10 po.ir widows; Wilson's Hospital for 10 poor women; the Old 

 Haid's Hospital, founded by Mary Wandesford, spinster, for 10 maiden 

 gentlewomen; Middle ton's Hospital for 20 widows of freemen; the 

 Orphanage, established by the Duchess of Leeds for 12 orphan 

 children ; the Penitentiary ; and Lady Hewley's Hospital for 10 poor 

 aged women. . 



Several fain are held annually at York for cattle and horses ; one 

 for cattle is held every fortnixht. There are aluo large markets for 

 wool and leather during stated seasons. At Christmas there is a Urge 

 bone-fair. The chief weekly market ii held on Saturday. Assizes 

 are held in March, July, and December ; quarter and petty sessions 

 and a county court are held ; and there is a tarings bank. 



The Guildhall is a fine gothic building erected in the year 1446, 

 96 feet in length and 43 feet in width, consisting of three aisles : the 

 roof, which u panelled and adorned with knots exhibiting coats of 

 arnu and grotesque figure*, ia supported by two rows of octagonal 

 oak pillar*, five in each row. The Assembly-Room, considered one of 

 the finest in the kingdom, was built in 1736. after a design from 

 Palladio, by Richard, earl of Burlington ; the large room is 112 feet 

 long by 40 feet wide. ID the rear of the Assembly-Room, and con- 

 nected with it, is the Festival Concert-Room, erected in 1824 for the 

 accommodation of the public during the great musical festivals. The 

 Collegiate School is an elegant building in the Tudor style, by the late 

 John Harper. The Theatre was erected by Tate Wilkinson in 1765. 

 Among otter buildings in the city worthy of mention, are the 

 Mansion-Home, the residence of the lord umyor; the Merchants' 

 Hall; the De Grey room*; the Yorkshire club-house; the Lerture- 

 Hall, for the use of the Temperance Society, and for public meetings, 

 lecture*, Ac. ; the station* of the Great Northern and the York and 

 North Midland railway*; and the Yorkshire Insurance Company's 

 office. A covered fish-market is in Church-street The awimming 

 and shower bathn, adjoining the museum-garden, are the property of 

 the Yorkshire Philosophical Society. The iwimtuing-bath measure* 

 120 feet long by 80 feet wide. 



Ruing meeting* are held in the spring and the autumn on the 

 Knaveamire, a plain about a mile from the city, where U a grand 

 Stan. I, erected in 1724. The cavalry barrack* in the Fulfurd-road, 

 erected in 1796, occupy 12 acre* of ground. The general cemetery I* 

 in the Fulford road. 



The Archbishop of York i* primate of Kngland. His ecclesiastical 

 province includes the diocese* of Carlisle, Cheater, Durham, Manchester, 

 I'.JI-OD, Sodor and Man, and York. Tb diocese of York comprise* the 

 county of York, except a part which is in the diocese of Kipon ; it i* 

 divided into the archdeaconries of York, East Riding, and Cleveland, 

 and contains 565 benefices. The chapter consists of a dean, the three 

 archdeacon*, chancellor, precentor, racceator, *ub-dean, four canons 

 residentiary, 24 canon* non-resident or prebendaries, and four minor 

 canon*. The income of the Archbishop of York i* fixed at 1 0,000*. : 

 hie palace i* at Biaboptborpe, near York. 

 i-m.] 



' S. [MAIXI ; Pl!!<STI.TAIA.] 



I itE, a maritime county in the northern part of England, 

 and by far the largest of the Kngliah counties, ia bounded N.E. and 

 K. l.y the North Sea ; & by the awtuary of the 11 umber, and the 

 counties of Lincoln, Nottingham, and Dr!>y ; S. W. by a small part 

 of Cheshire ; W. by Lancashire ; N.W. by Westmorland ; and N. by 

 Durban and the mouth of the river Tee*. The county i* compre- 

 hended between 53' IV and .M' 40' N. lat, about 0* ft' K and 2* 36' 

 <-. Yorkshire is divided into three Ridings, called the North, 

 West, and East Ridings, an. I tho Liberty or Ainsty of the city of 

 York; and in the Population Return*, and many other statistical 

 documents, tbsss divisions are treated a* distinct counties. 



Boundaries and Coait-line. The coast of Yorkshire is generally high, 

 and consists in many places of precipitous cliffs. From the south- 

 eastern side of the cestunry of the river Tees, which separates York- 

 shire from Durham, the coa<t, wh : ch consists of cliffs abounding in 

 fossils, runs in a very irregular line towards the south-east, without 

 presenting any place of importance till it reaches Whitby. At Whitby, 

 ivhich is situated at the mouth of the river E*k, is a harbour which 

 las l:een much improved, and has a considerable trade. A few miles 

 south-east of Whitby the coast-line turns rather more to the south, 

 md is indented slightly by the dangerous bay called Robin Hood's 

 Bay. From this point the coast proceeds south-south-east to Scar- 

 Dorough, where an elevated promontory which projects abruptly 

 ;owards the east, with an arm towards the south, forms a semicircular 

 larbour, which is much used for shelter from easterly gales. From 

 Scarborough Bay, south of the harbour, the coast-line again inclines 

 more to the east, to Filey Point, near the boundiiry-line between the 

 North and East Ridings. Immediately south of Filey Point is Filey 

 Bay, from which the coast runs in a nearly straight line by Speettm 

 Cliff to Flamborough Head, which forms the extremity of a range of 

 chalk cliffs, of brilliant whiteness, about 6 miles long, and risin? in 

 many places to an elevation of 300 feet. At the base of thesa cliffs 

 ire some extensive caverns, and near the extremity of the promontory, 

 on a site about 250 feet above the level of the sea, is a lighthouse 

 which was erected by the Trinity House Corporation in 180G, and 

 which has a revolving light of sufficient intensity to be seen from a 

 distance of 30 miles at sea. In 36 years preceding the erection of 

 this important lighthouse there were no less than 174 wrecks in the 

 immediate vicinity, but its establishment has almost put an end to 

 such casualties. From Flamhorough Head the coast-line turns west- 

 ward, and then sweeping round to tho south, forms th capacious bay 

 called Bridlington Bay, upon the coast of which the sea has made such 

 encroachments as to gradually sweep away the villages of Auburn, 

 Hartburn, and Hyde. In this bay is a small but sheltered harbour, 

 defended by two batteries, at Bridlington Quay, about a mile south- 

 east of the town of liridlin^ton. From Bridlington Quay to the sharp- 

 pointed promontory which terminates in the Spurn Head, or Point, 

 and whijh forms the northern boundary of the actuary of the H timber, 

 the coast-line is mostly very low and exposed to the inroads of the sea, 

 At Spurn Head two lighthouses hare been erected. The Humber 

 formerly made considerable encroachments upon the low land in the 

 vicinity of Spurn Head, but of late it has receded so much as to leave 

 extensive tract* of marsh land. One of these, a few miles westward 

 of the promontory, began to appear as an island about the commence- 

 ment of the reign of Charlie I , and, increasing from year to year, il 

 was at length embanked and converted into pasture. In the Population 

 Returns of 1851 this tract of land, which, though now only separated 

 by a ditch from the mainland, and constituted a parish, retains the 

 name of Sunk Island, i* stated to contain 5550 acres and 310 inhabit- 

 ant*. The northern part of the coast-line of Yorkshire is rocky, and 

 the cliff*, which are generally from 70 to 150 feet high, often rise 

 abruptly and overhang the beach. In many places they are still 

 higher, and at Stoupe Brow, or Stow Brow, on the south side of Robin 

 Hood'* Bay, they rise to the height of 893 feet above the sea. 



From Spurn Head westward to the confluence of the Ouso and the 

 Trent, the southern boundary of the county ii formed by the Humber ; 

 it* general course is westward, inclining a little to the north. From 

 this point to the junction of the counties of York, Derby, and Not- 

 tingham, the general direction of the boundary is to the south-west; 

 and the northern portion of this line is formed by the Old Don Rivrr. 

 Along the boundary of Derbyshire, and the small part of Cheshire 

 which separates that county from Lancashire, the lino of separation 

 ha* a general direction to tho north-west, across the elevated and 

 mountainous district called the Peak of Derbyshire. From the north- 

 wotern extremity of this portion of the boundary the line runs nearly 

 due north, then west, south-west, north-west, and then, touching upon 

 Bleudale Moor, take* an irregular course to the north to near Sedhergb. 

 For a short distance the county is separated from Westmorland by the 

 river Lune, which the boundary-line leaves about five miles above 

 Sedbergh. It then turns to the east, and again by a very circuitous 

 line to the north, to the junction of the counties of York, Westmor- 

 land, and Durham, where it joins the river Tees. The Tees, flowing 

 by Barnard Castle, Yarm, and Stockton, forms the northern boundary 

 of the county from thi* point to the sea.. 



The boundary of the North Riding is coincident with that of tho 

 county on the north-east, north, and part of the west ; but leaving the 

 Utter about seven miles eait-by-north from Sedbergb, tho rest of the 

 boundary-line lie* chiefly along the course of the river Ure, or Yore, 

 which before reaching York takes the name of the Ouse. The line 

 which divides the We-t Riding from the Eaxt Riding commences at 

 Nun Monkton, at the junction of the Ou;e and the Nidd, and runs 

 south-west to near Wetherby, partly along the course of tho latter 

 river, then along the Wharfo and the Ouse to the point where the 

 Ouse and Trent unite to form tho Humber. 



Surface, Hydrography, and Communication* Tho most striking 

 feature in the conformation of the surface of this county is the great 

 valley drained by the Ouse and its tributaries, which stretches from 

 near the Tee*, in the northern part of the county, to the asstuary of 

 the Humber in the south, having a gneral direction from north to 



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