U< 1 



YORKSHIRE 



YORKSHIRE. 



1206 



are the centres of the manufacture : the one for the spinning and the 

 other for the wearing. At Leeds the flax-mills are on a very large 

 scale : especially so is the remarkable building of the Messrs. Marshall. 

 The flax is heckled and spun in these large mills, chiefly into yarn 

 for weaving, but partly also into thread for sewing. Scarcely any 

 linen-weaving is practised at Leeds ; this is done (far more than in any 

 other town in England) at Barnsley. The Barnsley manufacturers 

 buy the flax-yarn from Leeds, and either give it out to hand-loom 

 .weavers, to work-up at their own houses, or weave it by power-loom 

 in large factories ; but Barnslay has hitherto been known rather for 

 hand-loom than power-loom productions. Extensive iron-works are 

 seated at Rotherham, Low Moor, and Bowling, in the neighbourhood 

 of Bradford. The manufactures of hardware ami cutlery at Sheffield, 

 and in the district surrounding that town, are very extensive, and in 

 some departments excel those of Birmingham. In cutlery and plated 

 good* Sheffield stands pre-eminent, and it maintains a high reputation 

 in other branches of manufactures, which are noticed under SHEF- 

 FIELD. The manufactures of the North and East Ridings are of 

 comparatively small importance, and even the mineral productions of 

 the county, consisting of freestone, limestone, coal, iron, copper, and 

 lead, are most extensively found in the West Riding. At Wickersley, 

 4 miles K. from Rotherham, several thousands of grindstones, some 

 of them as much at 6 feet in diameter, and suitable for the finer 

 description! of cutlery, are made annually for the use of the Sheffield 

 manufacturers. The coal, which forms an important source of the 

 manufacturing prosperity of the district, is found chiefly in the 

 vicinity of Lewis, Sheffield, Bradford, and Wakefield. The coal of 

 the Sdkstone and Barnsley district has been, since the opening of the 

 Great Northern railway, brought to London in large quantities. There 

 ha also been a great increase in the shipment of coals from the 

 Yorkshire aid* of Teesmouth, where Redcar and Middle-borough are 

 becoming important places. Alum-works have been carried on in the 

 naaij, ever since the tint* of Queen Elizabeth, first at Quisborough, 

 and more recently at Whitby. 



The manufacturing duttict of the West Riding extends from north 

 to sooth about 40 miles, ha* a mean width of about 20 miles, and 



llshHis an aim of about 800 square miles, ooraprimnx the hardware 

 a* w.ll a* the clothing district. The clothing district commences 

 below the part of the county which bears the name of Craven, and 

 extend* over the tract which comprise, the towns of Leeds, Bradford, 

 Halifax, ll.iddcr.neld, and Wakeneld. In the several articles on those 

 town* will be found particulars of the respective branches of which 

 they may b cimsiJaed Uw centres. Thai principal varieties of wooll-n 

 broadcloth arc alisaii under the coloured or 'mixed-cloths,' which 

 are wholly mad* of dyed wool, and the white broadcloths. Halifax 

 prodooM the IDS** kind* of stuff goods a* well a* a fair proportion of 

 all other kind*. Bradford U ow to* great centre of wools, stum* and 

 trtina The chief district for bUnkrt* and flashings lies between 

 Le*ts and Hudderafield. Worsted-.pinnm.? U largely practised at 

 Bradford. la and Dear Hnddr*n*ld are made narrow cloths; and 

 Uworth produce* keiotuienc and broadcloth* nearly equal to 

 I of the we*i at England. Wak.ft.ld it chiefly celebrated for it* 

 and the skill of its doth dyers. From the nature of its 

 am, consisting of bsises, flannel*, kmeyi, and broadcloths, 

 i may, though .ituaUd in Lauca.bire, be considered to belong 

 to the .oollen district at Yorkshire. 



The bnstotcs euoncoUd with the cloth-trad* U chi-fly transacted in 

 UM great cloth-balk in the rwpreti v* towns, but much cloth i* produced 



and sold without | ing through the hall*. 



Formerly the greater proportion of the 



id of the 



woollen goods produced in 

 kind* of cloth: but the manufacture 



hoe been *o greatly improved that Yorkshire cloth* are no longer 

 looked upon a* inferior to thoe* of other HUtricta, while the finer 

 qnahtu. of doth mad* in the W**t Riding are excellent The intrc- 

 doetioa of llama and alpaca wools ha* opened new and important 

 ISC* of iadaetry in the manufacture. At about a mile from Shipley, 

 on ta* road to Biogley. is BalteJro, the large* (pinning and weaving 



t pertup* in the world, employing about 4000 workmen. 

 It belongs to Mr. Titus Salt, who Carrie* on at Bradford a very exten- 

 sive manufacture of staff and alpaca good*. The Saltaire mill affords 

 all th advantage of eooosntraUon. On the same estate a complete 

 town he* been bnilt to accommodate the workpeople and their 

 Morflue, There are a row), a river, a canal, and a railway, all pawing 

 through the ntate ; and five bridges over the Aire. 



/AvwMu, TWiu, *. Yorkshire i* divided into three Kidinyt-e. 

 pecnllar to tbU county, but which at the Domesday 

 td al*o in Lincolnshire. In it* present form the term 



Bidia* is si eorrnptioo of the Anglo-Saxon name of the divisions 

 ' trithin*;' or ' thriding,' and the division of the county into thirds or 

 trlthma i* generally ascribed to the Saxons; bat Wonaae, perhaps 

 fandrully, attribute* it to the Dance, roggesting that the t*rm com 

 ploter? aanrer* both in soand and meaning to the Scandinavian divUion 

 of a'ennnty or district into third* or Tredinger. 1 Several of the old 

 feudal divWoos of Yorkshire, though no longer poMesaed of a legally 



r, are still popularly known and their names used 

 for many purpose*. Cleveland, Craven, Holderneat, and Richmond 

 either give, or hare given, title* to some of our noble families. Holder 

 MM ha* given it* name to a valuable breed of cattle ; and the Cleveland 



>ay is the origin of our best kind of coach-horsea ; and while no such 

 listricts as Cleveland or Craven appear on our maps, they are used 



aa distinguishing appellations in Shiptou iu Craven, Kirkby iu Cleve- 

 and, &c. It may be worth while therefore to describe briefly the 

 ocalities indicated by these names. Cleveland is in the North Riding, 



and forms now the two wapentakes of the east and west division of 

 jangbaurgh, extending along the coast from the mouth of the Tees 

 o near Whitby, and inland to the moors of the wapeutake of Ryedale, 

 ncluding 37 parishes. Craven occupies somewhat more than what 



now forms the wapentake of Staincliff, and with the wapentake of 

 Swcross, a former member of Craven, forma the north-west portion 



of the West Riding. The Ribble, the Wharfe, the Aire, and the Nidd, 



all rise within it. Craven contains 26 parishes. Hallamihire, in the 

 .Vest Riding, appears to have been a large manor at the time of the 

 Conquest. The Domesday Book states that " Hallum, one manor, 



with its 16 hamlets," was held by Earl Waltheof ; but Sheffield, which 

 s now part of Hallamshire, is not mentioned. It is wholly in the West * 

 UJing, but the boundaries are not very well denned. Holderncss is 

 ret a seigniory, a liberty, a manor, and a wapentake, in three divisions 



of the East Riding. It occupies the coast east of the river Hull and 



of the Humber, after the Hull falls into it, from Bridlington Bay to 

 Jpurn Head. Richmondthire occupies the whole western portion of 

 ;he North Riding, from a line running nearly straight from Yarin to 

 Joroughbridge. It was erected into an earldom by the Conqueror in 

 avour of a follower and kinsman, Alan, a son of the Duke of Brittany. 

 it contains the wapentakes of East and West Gilling, Hang, and East 



and West Hallikeld. 



The legal division of Yorkshire is into the East Riding, North Riding, 



and West Riding. The East Riding is divided into the wapeutakes of 

 Uuckrose, Dickering, Harthill. Holderness, Howdenshire, and Ouse 



and Derwent The North Riding is divided into the wapentakes of 



Allertonshiro, Birdforth, Bulmer, East Gilling, West Gilling, Hallikeld, 

 East Hang, West Hang, Pickering Lythe, Ryedale, Yurni, and the 



liberties of Langbaurgh afld Whitby Strand. The West Riding is 



divided into the wapentakes of Agbrigg, Ainsty, Barkstone Ash, Claro, 

 ktorloy, Osgoldcross, Skyrack, Staiuclilf and Ewcross, Staincross, 

 Stnfforth and Tickhill, and the liberty of Ripon. The Ainsty of the 

 city of York has been annexed to the West Riding as a wapentake ; 

 th 'ii/h for electoral purposes it U joined with the North Riding. 



The following places are described in separate articles : ALD- 

 BOROUGH, ALHOHDBDBT, BAIXBRIDGE, BARNSLEY, BARWIOK, BAWTRT, 

 KEDALE, BBVIBLEY, NORTH BIERLEY, BIXOLEY, BOROUGHBRIDGE, 

 BRADFORD, BRIDLIXOTON, CARLTON, DEWSBDRY, DOXCASTER, GREAT 

 DRIFFKLD, EASIXUWOLD, OOOLE, GUISBOROOGII, HALIFAX, HARRO- 



OATE, HXLKBLBY, HEMSWORTH, HOWDEX, HUDDER3FIELD, HULL, KEIOK- 



LF.T, KIRKBY MOORSIDE, KNAKESBOHOUGH, LEEDS, LEYBURN, NEW 

 MALTOX, NORTBAI.LERTOX, OTLEY, GREAT OUSEBCRN, PATKLEY 

 BRIDOI, PATRMOTOX, PENISTOXE, PICKERING, POCKLINGTON, PONTE- 

 FRACT, GREAT PRESTOX, REETU, RICHMOND, RIPOX, ROTHERHAM, 

 SADDLIWORTR, SCARBOROCOII, SEDBEROH, SELBY, SETTLE, SHEFFIELD, 

 SKIPTOB, SKIRI.AUUII, STOKEBLEY, TADCASTER, THIRSK, THORNE, 

 WAKEFIELD, WHITBY, WORTLEY, and YORK. 



Of the other towns of importance we give a notice here : 



In th Eatt Riding . 



Caw, South, a small market-town, population of the township 937 

 in 1851, about 10 miles S.W. from Beverley, near the western foot of 

 the Wolds. The town contains a neat church, built in 1601, and 

 dedicated to All Saints, places of worship for Wesleyan and. Primitive 

 Methodists and Independents, and a National school A corn-market 

 U held weekly on Monday ; and there in a fair on Trinity Monday. 

 The import* include coal, lime, freestone, flags, and general commo- 

 dities. Flamborouyh, population of the parish 1297 in 1851, about 

 28 miles N.E. from Beverly, is now a mere fishing-village, occupying 

 the centra of the promontory called Flamborough Head. It was 

 frequently used as a principal station by the Danes during their pre- 

 datory inroads. The church consists of a nave and chancel, with 

 aisles. The Wesleyan and Primitive Methodists have chapels, and 

 there are National schools. Hedon, Ifeadon, or Iftydon, population 

 of the parish 1029 in 1851, about 6 miles E. from Hull, is a borough 

 and market-town, about 2 miles from the left bank of the river Hum- 

 ber, with which it is connected by Hedon Haven, a creek formerly 

 navigable. It is now chiefly dependent on the agriculture of the rich 

 district in the midst of which it stands. A charter was granted to 

 the burgesses of Hedon by Athelstan, aud it received several other 

 charters at later periods down to the first year of James II. It first 

 sent member* to Parliament in the 23rd Edward I., but was disfran- 

 chised by the Reform Act A great part of the town was destroyed 

 by fire in 1656; it was afterwards rebuilt in a superior manner. The 

 parish church is an elegant and spacious edifice. The Wesleyan 

 Methodists, Baptists, and Roman Catholics have places of worship. 

 There are National schools, a mechanics institute, and a library and 

 reading-room of the Holderness Agricultural Society. A county 

 court is held. There are cattle-markets on alternate Mondays, 

 and fair* on August 2nd, September 22nd, November 17th, and 

 December 6th. Grain is the chief article of export. Rope-making, 

 tanning, nail making, brewing and malting, and market-gardening are 

 carried on to *ome extent. Hornsea, population 945 in 1S.U, about 

 15 mile* E.N.E. from Beverley, at one time a market-town, is situated 



