lilt 



YORKSHIRE. 



YOUGHAL. 



1230 



with 2000 mm, and. being well received, proceeded to 

 York, where be planted a garrison, and thence marched towards 

 Lood'on, and won the battle of Baroet, which established him on the 



: : I 



During the reign of Henry VIL an insurrection of the northern 

 oouoUan against a new land-tax took place, but was eventually put 

 down by the Earl of Surrey. In the following reign an insurrection 

 was raised by Robert Ake, Lord D'Arcy, Sir Robert Constable, Sir 

 Thomas Percy (brother to the Earl of Northumberland), and other 

 powerful persons, to oppose the sweeping changes involved in the 

 oppression of monasteries and other religious establishments ; and, 

 in consequence of the sacred character of the objects for which, pro- 

 fscsedly, they took up anna, they styled their march ' The Pilgrimage 

 of Grace.' A similar but less important insurrection was raided in 

 1587 near Scarborough and M niton ; the rebels obtained possession of 

 Hull, and held it for about a month. A third insurrection, raised in 

 the same neighbourhood in 1548, was dispersed with less difficulty. 



Some of the earliest movements in the civil war by which Charles I. 

 was dethroned took place in this county, Charles having, early in the 

 year 1642. left London for York, where his adherents flocked to him. 

 The siege* of HCLL are noticed under that town, and many of the 

 other proceedings under YORK. In 1643 Leeds was taken for the 

 Parliament by Sir Thomas Fairfax, who subsequently took possession 

 of Bradford, where he was besieged by the Earl of Newcastle, who 

 failed in his attempts to carry the place by storm, but subsequently 

 obtained possession owing to the exhaustion of the ammunition of the 

 garrison, Fairfax escaping with a party of horse by cutting his way 

 through the ranks of the besieging army. In the same year Queen 

 Hfnrietta Maria landed at Bridlington with a supply of arms, which 

 were safely conveyed to York, where she remained three mouths. 

 The Earl of Newcastle subsequently defeated Fairfax at Beverley. In 

 1644 Fairfax gained a battle against the Royal forces near Selby, and 

 afterwards, with the Scottish forces of the Earl of Leven, laid siege to 

 York ; but receiving intelligence of the approach of Prince Rupert, 

 they raised the siege after it had been continued from April 19th 

 to June 30th, and went to Marston Moor with a view of meeting the 

 Royal army, which however having taken a different route arrived at 

 York. Contrary to the advice of the Marquis of Newcastle, Prince 

 Rupert 1'ft York on the 2nd of July to give battle to the Parlia- 

 mentary army, by which he was completely routed in the destructive 

 battle of Marston Moor. The Parliament soon afterwards obtained 

 possession of York, after it had sustained in the whole siee 22 assaults; 

 and they also took Tickhill Castle, Sheffield Castle, Knaregborough 

 town and castle, Helmsley Castle, and the town of Pontefract. At 

 Scarborough the Royalists made a vigorous and protracted defence, 

 but both town and castle at length fell into the hands of the Parlia- 

 ment. An insurrection was raised in the West Riding in 1663 by a 

 body of misguided people, led by old parliamentary soldiers and 

 others disaffected to the restored government; but it was quickly 

 suppressed. 



Among the more remarkable antiquities of Yorkshire, excepting 

 those of the city of York itself, are the remains of the following 

 fortresses : Conisbrough or Conisborough Castle, about 6 miles W. 

 from Doncaster, is one of the earliest and most interesting ruins of 

 the kind in England ; in its immediate vicinity is a tumulus ; Knares- 

 borough Castle, which was in a great measure destroyed during the 

 civil wars, and about a mile from which, on the summit of a hill, are 

 the remains of an ancient camp ; Pontefract Castle, the walls of which 

 were of enormous thickness, and which formerly covered seven acres ; 

 Skipton Castle, which, as well aa that of Pontefract, was erected 

 shortly after the Norman conquest ; and the castles of Cawood, Hare- 

 wood, Great Sandall, Sheffield, and Tickhill : these are all in the West 

 Riding. The principal buildings of this character in the North Biding 

 were the castles of Helmsley, Malton, Mulgrave, Pickering, Richmond, 

 Scarborough, Sheriff-Mutton, and Skelton ; while the more important 

 castle in the East Riding was that of Wressle, an ancient seat of the 

 Percys. There are a few ancient mansions in the county which 

 remain tenantable, among which are Temple Newsome, near Leeds, 

 and Gilling Castle, near Helmsley. 



The county of Yorkshire contained, according to Burton's ' Monas- 

 ticon Eboraoense, or Ecclesiastical History of Yorkshire,' about 106 

 religious bouses, of which 14 were abbeys, 44 priories, 7 alien priories, 

 13 cell*, and 28 houses of priors of various orders. There were also 

 three preceptorics, and three commanderies in the county. Of the 

 above ecclesiastical establishments many ruins yet exist, some of which 

 are exceedingly beautiful. The principal ruins of abbeys are those of 

 t. Mary's, at York ; of Fountains, Kirkstall, Roche, and Selby, in the 

 West Riding ; and of Byland, Rievaulx, and Whitby, in the North 

 Kidintr. The chief priories are Bolton and Knaresborough, in the 

 West Riding; Guisborough, Mountgrace, and Wikeham, iu the North 

 Riding ; and Bridlington, Kirkhain, and Walton, in the East Riding 

 Many of the churches present striking specimens of ecclesiastical 

 architecture, and some of them contain curiously sculptured ancient 

 1'.. ir . 



Statutici, Stligiotu Worihip. and Education. According to the 

 Returns of the Census in 1851, it appear* that there were then in 

 Yorkshire 3609 places of worship, of which 1855 belonged to Method 

 its, u follows : Original Connexion of Wcaleyan Methodists, 1177 



Vimitive Methodists, 476 ; Reformers, 77 ; New Connexion, 73 ; 



IVealeyan Association, 52. The Church of England had 1143 places 

 of worship, Independent* 242, Baptists 126, Roman Catholics 65, 



Quakers 56, Unitarians 23, Plymouth Brethren 17, Mormons 11, 

 Swedenborgiana 6, Presbyterians 4, and Jews 4. The total number of 

 sittings provided was 1,006,156. Of Day schools there were 46S4, of 

 which 1595 were public schools with 141,735 scholars, and 3089 were 



irivate schools with 84,897 scholars. The number of Sunday schools 

 was 2486, of which 1031 belonged to the Established Church. The 



otal number of Sunday scholars was 277,669. There were 258 



Svening schools ,for adults, with 8019 scholars, of which 237, with 



'785 scholars, were iu the West Riding. The literary and scientific 



ustitutes were returned as follows : 



Savings Banks. In 1853 Yorkshire possessed in all 36 savings 

 Danks at Barnsley, Bedale, Beverley, Birstal and Batley, Bradford, 

 Doncaster, Goole, Guisborough, Halifax, Harewood, Howden, Hud- 

 dersfield, Keighley, Kingstou-upon-Hull, Knaresborough, Leeds, Ley- 

 Durn, Malton, Middlesborough-on-Teea, Northallerton, Otley, Pickering, 

 Pontefract, Richmond, Rotherham, Saddleworth, Scarborough, Settle, 

 Sheffield, Skipton, Stokesley, Thirsk, Wakefield, Wentworth, Whitby, 

 and York. The total amount owing to depositors on November 20th, 

 1853, was 2,625,057*. Is. Zd. 



YOUGHAL, county of Cork, and province of Munster, Ireland ; a 

 eea-port, borough, market- and post-town, and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Union, about 31 miles E. from Cork, in 51 57' N. lat., 7 52' W. long. ; 

 population 7410 in 1851, besides 1801 in the Union workshire. The 

 borough is governed by commissioners elected under the Act 9 Geo. 

 IV. cap. 82 ; and returns one member to the Imperial Parliament. 

 Youghal Poor-Law Union comprises 14 electoral divisions, with an area 

 of 70,624 acres, and a population in 1851 of 32,583. 



You.'hal stands at the mouth of the Blackwater, which here separates 

 the eastern extremity of the county of Cork from the adjacent county 

 of Waterford. The town is built along the western shore of Youghal 

 harbour, which is capable of receiving vessels of 400 or 500 tons at 

 spring-tides. The harbour is safe and commodious ; but though vessels 

 drawing 12 feet water may float off the town, the entrance is obstructed 

 by a bar, on which there are only 5 feet of water at low tides, and 13 

 feet at high-water of neap tides. A harbour lighthouse has been lately 

 erected at the southern end of the town. The streets are paved, lighted 

 with gas, and cleansed under the superintendence of the town com- 

 missioners. Youghal is much frequented for sea-bathing during the 

 summer season, having a 6ne, smooth, and level strand extending 

 nearly three miles along the bay. 



The old church formerly belonged to a collegiate establishment 

 founded in 1464 by one of the earls of Desmond. It was a magnificent 

 structure, in the decorated style, of which the nave and aisles have 

 been converted into a pariah church. There is a small chapel of ease 

 in a pseudo-gothic style, near the south end of the town, on the ceme- 

 tery of the ancient Dominican friary. The town also contains a band- 

 some Roman Catholic chapel with a spire ; a convent for nuns of the 

 Presentation order, attached to which are a small chapel, and giiia 

 National schools ; places of worship for Independents, aud Wesleyan 

 and Primitive Methodists ; two or three Endowed and several other 

 schools. The Clock Gate, a curious old structure, a remnant of the 

 old fortifications, which stands across the principal street and divides 

 the town into north and south, consists of an archway, above which is 

 a square tower of four stories, surmounted by a clock turret. There 

 are besides a town-hall, a court-house, a savings bank, a fish-market, 

 the Union workhouse, a prison, an infirmary, a lever hospital, a dispen- 

 sary, a lying-in hospital, and other benevolent institutions. 



Although a dependency to Cork, the port of Youghal has a consi- 

 derable trade, for the accommodation of which there are extensive 

 and commodious quays, and a custom-house. The exportation consist 

 chiefly of agricultural produce, and the importation of coal, culm, 

 timber, Staffordshire ware, porter, and groceries. An extensive fishery 

 is carried on along the coast The salmon fishery of the Blackwater 

 ia important, and employs numerous hands. 



The chief manufactures are of bricks, coarse pottery, ropes, and 

 malt liquors. There are also establishments for the purchase and 

 exportation of salmon in ice ; and near the town is a quarry of good 

 building-stone. In the town are police barracks, infantry barracks, and 

 a coast-guard station. Quarter and petty sessions are held. The market 

 is held twice a week, and there are fairs on the first Thursday of every 

 mouth, and on Ascension day. 



About a Oiile and a half north-east of the town, the Blackwater is 

 crossed by a light and elegant timber bridge. The bridge is approached 

 by a raised causeway 1500 feet in length, and ia itself 1787 feet long, 



