1121 



ZANTE. 



ZEALAND. 



1224 



KWTDOO and Melindm U mbject to the Imaum of Muscat From 

 Mcliu.lt to the river Pongany extend tho territories of the Sheik or 

 Sulun of Mombas. The remainder of the const, as far south as Capo 

 Dclndo, i< again subject to the Imaum of Muscat 



The inhabitants are either tribes of African origin or settlers from 

 other parU of the world. The African tribes are the Somauli, Qalla, 

 Dowla, Wanyekas, and Sowhyleae. The Somauli are a mild people, 

 ,.n the produce of their herds aud flocks, or the profits of the 

 commerce which they carry on with Arabia and the Red Sea. Along 

 the Indian Sea they inhabit the coast as far as Magailoxa ; but they 

 are entirely confined to the coast, the whole of the interior being 

 occupied by the Galla, who occupy the southern portions of Abyssinia, 

 and extend >outhward to the Bay of Kwyhoo. The Galla are a 

 nomadic people, who ramble about over a great extent of country, 

 and terrify all their neighbours by their warlike disposition, ferocity, 

 and cruelty. They are black, of large stature and athletic make, and 

 wear no dress except a small piece of cloth wrapped round their loins. 

 The Dowlas occupy the country at the back of Lamoo. They are far 

 more tractable than the Galla, and the Arabs have uninterrupted 

 commercial intercourse with them. The Wanyekahs inhabit the 

 country surrounding the Bay of Mombas. They seem to have attained 

 a considerable degree of civilisation : some of their towns are large 

 and populous, and strongly defended by a double hedge of thorn-bush 

 and by gatea. The Sowhylese occupy nearly all the villages and towns 

 of the coast south of Kwyhoo Bay, and at some places tracts extend- 

 ing to a great distance into the interior. They are not so black as the 

 other tribes, but approach in colour and features to the Moors of 

 North Africa. They differ in language, person, and character from 

 the Arabs and the other native Africans. Their language is still 

 spoken from Kwyhoo to Mozambique. They are Mohammedans, and 

 therefore more closely united to the Arabs than the other tribes. 

 They are mostly engaged in agriculture. 



The Portuguese had numerous settlements on this coast in the 16th 

 and 17th centuries. Before their arrival the Arabs had not settled 

 there, except in small numbers and as merchants. But after the 

 Portuguese had been obliged to abandon the country the Arabs 

 appeared as conquerors, and there are a considerable number of them 

 at present in the large towns. Several Banyans from Hindustan are 

 settled at Mombas as merchants. 



The towns of MAOADOXO, MELINDA, MOMBAS, aud QUILOA are 

 noticed under separate heads. Patta is built on an island, which lies 

 between the bays of Kwyhoo and Patta, and is divided from the 

 mainland by a narrow sandy creek, through which boats only can pass. 

 A good deal of commerce is carried on here. The Portuguese had a 

 castle here, the ruins of which still remain. Lamoo is at present the 

 most considerable town on the east coast of Africa, next to Mozam- 

 bique, and has a population of more than 5000. It is built on the 

 Fonthern shore of the Bay of Lamoo, at the foot of a sandy ridge of 

 hills which constitute the southern boundary of the harbour, which is 

 formed by a small river and^ome creeks. The houses are of an oblong 

 form, and are made of reeds and stakes plastered with mud ; the roof 

 is supported by rafters, which project far beyond the walls. Their 

 mosques are built with a fiat roof, supported by low clumsy arches. 

 The houses are crammed together as close as space will allow, so as to 

 leave only narrow alleys between them. Lindy (near 10 S. Lit.) is 

 situated at the bottom of a deep bay formed between reefs, which in 

 some parts extend two or three miles from the land. The river Lindy 

 falls into this bay, and on its northern banks the town is situated. It 

 is built on low ground, and consists of a great number of straggling 

 huts interspersed with groves of cocoa-nut and other trees. It 

 formerly carried on a considerable trade in slaves. 



The exports of Zanguebar to Arabia are lice, sugar, molasses, dried 



and salted fish, ivory, gums, and shields. The chief imports are dates, 



arms, and some Indian manufactures. The commerce with Hindustan is 



limited to the harbour of Mombas, from which the Banyans, who are 



settled there, send ivory, gold, cowries, and a few minor articles to 



Bombay, whence they receive Indian and English manufactures. 



Many veswls are employed in the coasting-trade, carrying chiefly dhol 



(mall peas), rice, and salted and dried fish from one place to another. 



ZANTE. [IONIAN ISLANDS.] 



ZAPOROGH COSSAKS. 



ZARA. [DALMATIC] 



ZAKABSHAN, RIVER. [BOKHARA.] 



/.AIIAGOZA (in English generally written Saragassa), a city of 



Spain, capital of the ancient kingdom and former province of Aragon 



aud of the modem province of Zaragoza, is situated in 41 47' N. lat., 



0' 63' W. long., 180 miles N.E. from Madrid. It is the see of an 



archbishop and the residence of a captain-general. The population in 



1846 was 40,482. 



The city of Zaragoza stands on tho south bank of the Ebro, and is 

 connected with a suburb on the north bank by a good stone bridge 

 I in length, which was constructed in 1437. The small river 

 Huerba flows from the south towards the central part of the city-wall, 

 and then, sweeping round the outside of the wall, falh into the Ebro 

 on the eut side of the city. The Uallego falls into the Ebro on the 

 north bank a short distance below the city. The wall is low, built of 

 brick, and U entered by eight gates. The adjacent plain is fertile, and 

 U wU irrigated from the canal of the Ebro. [ARAGON.] The houses 



are solidly built, some of stone, but mostly of brick ; the streets are 

 narrow, tortuous, ill paved, and ill lighted. 



Zaragoza possesses two cathedrals, in each of which the chapter 

 resides alternately six months. The older of the two, called La Seu 

 [the See, or Seat, ' cathedra") is a gothic structure, with one octagonal 

 belfry-tower, the other being yet to build. The second cathedral, 

 dedicated to Nuestra Senora del Pilar, is a quadrangular building 

 about 600 feet in length, and with three naves. In the centre of the 

 church, in a small chapel under the central dome, is the sacred pillar, 

 surmounted by a small wooden figure of the Virgin Mary. The legend 

 is, that the Virgin stood on this very pillar, and thence directed St. 

 James (Santiago) to build a chapel on the spot. This pillar is held in 

 ;reat veneration by the Aragonese, who resort to it from all parts of 

 the province. Several of the other churches, and most of the con- 

 ventual buildings, were either destroyed or greatly injured during the 

 two sieges of 1803-9. 



An octangular clock-tower, built in 1504, and called La Torre 

 Nueva, is as much out of the perpendicular as the leaning tower of 

 Pisa. It is of brick-work, much ornamented. The university, with 

 its valuable library, was destroyed by the French, but has since been 

 partially reconstructed. The students amount to about 1000. The 

 General Hospital is also a new structure, the former having been 

 burnt during the siege. The Aljaferia (so named from Abu-Jafar, 

 the Moorish sovereign who built it), the palace-citadel, or alcaz tr, is 

 outside the north-western gate. It was much damaged by the bombs 

 of the French, and is now in a ruinous condition. The Poor-House 

 and Orphan Asylum (Casa de Miaericordia), has accommodation for 

 600 or 700 individuals. Near to this building is the Plaza de Toros 

 (bull-arena), where grand fights are occasionally exhibited in honour 

 of the Virgin, on which occasions the profits are applied to the sup- 

 port of the hospitals. The Lonja, or Exchange, is a fine stone edifice, 

 round which marble busts of most of the kings of Aragon are placed 

 in niches. Nearly opposite is La Casa de la Diputacion, a noble building 

 erected by Alfonso V., in the principal hall of which are portraits of 

 the kings of Aragon. The other principal buildings consist of a 

 theatre, a museo, or academy of fine arts, and a public library. The 

 alamadas extend on the outside of the city-wall as far as the Casa 

 Rlanca on the canal; they are lined with poplar-trees, and much 

 frequented by the inhabitants. 



The principal manufactures are silks, woollens, and leather, and 

 there is a considerable trade in agricultural produce by tho canal of 

 the Ebro. 



By the Celt-Iberians Zaragoza was called Salduba or Saldyva (Plin. 

 lib. iii.). It was colonised by the Romans, and the Emperor Augustus 

 named it Caesar Augusta, which the Moors corrupted into Saracosta, 

 anciently written Caragoca, whence the present name Zaragoza, It 

 was taken by the Goths about A.D. 470, by the Moors in 712, and by 

 Alfonso I. of Aragon in 1118. Zaragoza was twice besieged by the 

 French in the early part of the Peninsular War. It was first invested 

 June 15, 1808. The French carried some of the exterior works, and 

 forced their way into the city ; but the garrison aud inhabitants 

 attacked the enemy with irresistible fury, and after 49 days of open 

 trenches and 21 days of bombardment, the siege was raised on the 

 4th of August. Being a military position of great importance, where 

 several roads meet, the siege was recommenced on the 20th of Decem- 

 ber. It was bombarded till the 27th of January 1809, when a general 

 assault was made, and the French forced their way throu>^h the 

 breaches into the city. The city itself however was defended with 

 desperate valour by the inhabitants as well as by the garrison, house 

 by house as well as street by street, aud was not conquered till tho 

 22nd of February 1809. 



ZARIA, or ZEGZEG. [SooDAN.] 



ZARIZIN. [SARATOV.] 



ZARKI. [POLAND.] 



ZARUMA. [ECUADOR.] 



ZBARACZ. [GALICIA, Austrian.] 



ZEA (Vitas, Cea,), an island in the .(Egean, about 13 miles S.E. frotn 

 Cape Colonna; the island of Makronisi is nearly in the mid-channel. 

 The capital, Zea, is situated in about 37 33' N. lat., 21 20' E. long., 

 on the northern declivity of Mount St. Elias. The island is 14 miles 

 long and 10 miles broad. It is one broad-based hill rising from the low 

 shore-line to the central pe.ik of Mount St. Elias. The capital is 

 situated on the brink of a ravine between 2 and 3 miles inland from 

 its port Baphtilimani (which has a sufficient draught of water for 

 vessels of the largest size), and contains about 3000 inhabitants ; and 

 the whole island about 5000. The climate is healthy. The products 

 are barley, fruits, wine, cotton, sheep, and silk-worms. Zea has no 

 relics of antiquity except tho ruins of a temple and the ancient walls 

 of the capital. 



ZEALAND, a province of tho kingdom of the Netherlands, situated 

 between 51" 14' and 51 45' N. lat., 3 13' and 4 7' E. long., is 

 formed of the ancient province of that name, of Dutch Flanders, and 

 of a group of islands formed by the several arms of the Scheldt It 

 is bounded N. by two branches of the West Schelde ; E. by North 

 Urabant and Antwerp ; S. by Flanders ; and W. by the North Sea. 

 Its area is 670 square miles. The population at the end of 1853 

 was 165,075. The surface is only a few feet above the sea, and the 

 monotonous plain is only broken here and there by artificial mounds. 



