. 



JOIXKKV. 



UM origm-l efcct of UM 



of bth -a .ad .pini 



rnuel of court* depend upon 



them would b* to 



/ kaown article* of joiner', work, 

 hi ommtri** where fir or any of its 

 then with board* cut a* 

 _____ The upper surface of the 

 shot, and a narrow border is worked 

 ~1 with UM upper surface, Having an 



_-_T_-_-_-, ._. wn.__-i_ off when the board* are to be flxed. In 

 e_.__*i__*Zs-_rMr board, only should b,ud. of between 4| and 

 >li_t_-.ialsli-M width; or la fact, they thould be formed out of 

 __K wk_ a cot dowalUiniddl*, or out o< battens; UM/OMA ihould 

 be __% fresnif aad //* l*y*td (or with a groove worked in 

 _t_ board, aad tiled ia ith a thin ahp of wood, or of iron, as in 





and UM 



ahould U 



[sometime*, instead, of grooving and tongueing the 



they are merely *>aiW. Where the board* com* near 

 >. a glued and mitred border should be introduced, even when 

 UM floor board* are not intended to be habitually exposed. In the 

 an of bed roams, or of apartment* wherein carpet* or matting are 

 ttahr to b* permanently and. the board* may, without inconvenience, 

 be 9 inches ia width ; and in warehouse floor* they 

 be mad* IS inch** wide. Upon the continent, 



ia our own country, however, where 

 ai-niil floors are used, the narrow board* are laid in 

 what U call Arriay4oM /aatw*, a* in sketch ; but in 

 such CM** the floor* an always left uncovered, and 

 they are waxed, or dull polished. The thick nee* of 

 floor l**rd* would naturally depend on the wear they 

 an likely to be exposed to, aad upon the distance apart of their points 

 of avpport ; a* a gccwral rule it varies between If and 1 inch. 



Ia staire_M of wood, Ik* usual practice is to frame the tnaJt, or 

 UM borit-atal part* of UM stops, and the rum, or the vertical part*, 

 late MB and i-fa'sT* sw , the former of which i* a clout piece, of 

 woud B-U-1 acainst the wall* of the U-_f_t of the stain, and the 

 latter, aa squatty atout piece of wood starting from a curtail ,trp at the 

 bottom el tie stain, and either framing into a wild post, or neml, in 

 wlut are ealled % fsjierf st*i'i'r*i*l, or carried round by mean* of 

 eurred raaip* to UM trimmer of the upper landing in ysssialrinif flair- 

 <*. Tkerwercare usually grooved into the under aide of the tread*, 

 and the latter project ao a* to form a notify, whilst the 



T joint i* hiddea by a small hollow, nailed to the underside 

 of the tread ; small block* are glued to the ineide of t lu- 

 juiat, and, if the width of the etairoase b* coowderable, 

 thefauae-work is strengthened by mean* of braoket* let 

 iato the wall, and by block*. In some staircases the 

 outside atring is out, aad the nosing* are returned at the 

 tens ; in other*, the string project* above the end* of the 

 Ouster* in UM fonaer ease are let into the step* ; in the 

 latter, taay are let iato the string board ; but under all circumstances 

 UM ball-*ter* *re tied at top to a hand rail, usually worked out of 

 ly, the various part* of which a/ known by the name* of 

 , ifH. ***, rmrttil, MirW, sireU, 4c. 



indeed all compound pisoss of 

 are aasembled in either one or 

 following aainnrs, at the external angle*. The 



Mia of UM 

 Vepa. T-e 



_>_i. ra-y>, I fit. uiml, rwrn, un 

 la frMaed work, aa all panelled, or 

 jalaary are calM. the T_riou* part* 

 UM oUMT of the following a-mnam 



bJ-a-fl. 



with ctraight jointc. 

 by mean* of a lonntudiaal 

 i piiei running in the *a 

 borianotaJ i 



J ilirection ; or are 



Hted butrd*. ee th_t tke etyle. Mkd raib form raieed frame* ab., 

 UM aarfc** ef UM panel be*. Wk-n wall Uaiaga are executed, they 



aad baadfluab- 



_-_b___ka**f 



but it i 

 (button, that 

 Thu* door* are eHber 



x panda, a* the oace may be, and they an either made with the 

 filling in i-rU flush with one aide of the work, or *unk below the 

 level of the framing on both -Ulea ; ao "that the door* are caid to be 

 either flu_h one or both aide*, or pan luithnide*. Again ih. 



n, nt l, m_. be either ttmd jhu*, or brad butt (the former, when the 

 Lead* mitre aad return at the extremity of the panel*, ao a* to make a 

 regular frame round it ; and the latter when the bead* butt againat 

 the top aad bottom rail*); or they may be quart both *dn, or moulded 

 CM aMf and riart, or mmtldtd luth tida, according to the mode of 

 ornamenting the r-TH* Sometime* alao the panel* are rai* 

 they may eren project beyond the face of the framing, and th.n 

 become btltetio* paiMla, All theee door* are fixed either in aoUd 

 frame*, or upon framed ground* aad jamb lining*, with the necouary 



- 



Window* are either made with fixed auhe* in aolid frame*, and with 

 two or more pane* of (Ua* carried by *Mh-bar*. If the wiiid..> 

 be made to open, by ruing or falling vertically, they are called single 

 or double hung *a*hei, aa the caae may be ; if they open on hingea, 

 they are called j'ro< toAtt, when they aiinply revolve on horusontal or 

 vertical piroU ; or mtement *uA, in one or two leave*, when they 

 on vertical hinge* fixed to the aide* of the frame*. The frame* 

 aelve* are either olid for pivot or casement aaahei, or tbey are 

 'lartd from*, for single or double hunfc aaahea ; and the latter are 

 nude with outiide bead*, parting bead*, parting idipg, axle pull. ^ 

 and counter weight* aa may be required. Shutter* are either i 

 alide into boxe* placed in the window lock*, and plact.il uiiiK-r I 1 

 of the window^Ulii, or they are made to cloae into boxes, either .-: 

 or *quare, from the frame* ; and they may be in one or more leaves 

 a* maybe required, in onlt-r to avoid needlessly pi 

 room. External ahutton n<l sunblind* are, in fact, modification* of 

 literati chutten, and are lumcifiitly well known to allow o! 

 being paawd over without any detailed deacription. With regard to 

 cupboard*,' counter*, ahop front*, drenen, drawer*, and tli. 

 countlec* detail* of bouee fiaiahing which enter into the pr 

 joiner, it may aUo auffioe to aay, that tho principle* of tli.ii i; 

 ire *o oloaely allied to those involved in the execution <>f doon and 

 aahe*, wall lining*, Ac., above described, that thev may b* gtimmarily 

 diipneod of, by oying that the general <-nditioiw all such umk.< 

 should fulfil, chould be that the wood of which they are madu Hli.oila 

 not be expoeed to (brink, and that the various part* which are intended 

 a move, should be able to do ao freely and easily. The variou* work 

 in question may be executed in aolid wood, or in wood taumtl, or 

 covered by a thin sheet of aome more valuable description of wood 

 Klin-1 to the expoeed face of the commoner one serving aa the cub 

 Htructure; and in such case* a* the execution of columns, roiiti-l.-.l 

 corner*, circular nichea, Ac., narrow piece* of wood are put together 

 with glue, and blocked or keyed at the back. 



Tho mouldings most commonly used in joiner's work are ns follow* : 



Of these, the No. 1 , U limply a rounded ed ; Mo. 1, U known a* a 

 i,irl-rd bead ; No. 3, a* a dmttlt quirt bfad ; No. 4, U a diiul 

 and quirl- ; No. 5, U a d ouble fUel ; No. 8, 1* a tana bead ; N 

 an oyte, and No. 8, a reverted ogtt ; No. 9 ia a Mime and Aa// round ; 

 and No. 10 ia an oralo and brad. The moulding* 1 and 3, are used for 

 projecting piece* of wood, or for projecting anglea; Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, arc 

 used for horizontal joints ; No*. 7, 8, 9, and 10, are used for capping* 

 or for bead-mould*. 



Now the general use of panelling in framed work, which i* ao very 

 conspicuous throughout northern Europe at least, ha* been the result 

 of practical considerations of economy of conversion, and strength of 

 assemblage of the wood, a* well a* to it* resistance to atnv>- 

 influi-nri-a ii|>on it* dimensions. Thus, in A wall lining of .. . 

 able area, tho panel frame* are formed with rather thicker material 



than might theoretically have been required, but the panels themselve* 

 are mad* a* much thinner in proportion ; and, as their surface ia 

 giMlw than that of the itylm and rail* of the framing, an economy of 

 material i* obtained. Moreover, as thr direction of the grain of the 

 wood ia the various part* of the framing differ* in the OMM of the rails 



