KALBKDJ 



KALENDAU. 



ate* of very thin 



the*, and held by (he band or feed MkoaDUtheendofth* tube. 

 las^ e**<* tcwe* plate* war* moved acroa* the field of view, and in 

 athara they ware made to turn round upon the axi* of the tube. The 

 pirn* of coloured gba* or other object* which were situated in the 

 aaator aCB ware, by tha different reflection*, made to appear in all 

 law other aeetor*; and tha* the field of view presented the appearance 

 at an entire object or pattern, all the part* of which ware diepwed with 

 th* **<. perfect *ym*iilij. By moving the glaas plate* between 

 lak th.ot.jec** were eontainad, the pattern waa made to vary in 

 Ming variations in the tint* war* produced by moving 

 tha liiillMUl ao that the light of the sky or of a lamp might fall on 

 th* object* in .ufcrrot direction*. Whan the object* in the lector 

 A c are onrfnarl near ita upper part, the image* evidently form 

 i ; and. on placing the two mirror* parallel to one 

 i of the object* produce one which ia 



VVIW ^ uv*<*v, IT14V IUJ* lUVIV Wl 



like tha y tube of a talaacope, it con 

 the eye : at the opposite and of tha 

 lana of rmnvanln> focal length, by w 



Sir David Diaa>ar subsequently found meant to obtain multiplied 

 !* of soon object* aa (lower*, tree*, and even peraona or thing* in 

 ottom. For thi* purpose he oauaed tha two mirror* to be fixed in 

 tube a* before, but thi* tuba wa* contained in another from which, 

 e, it could be drawn at plea*ure toward* 

 of the exterior tube wa* fixed a glass 

 length, by which there were formed image* 

 of diaUnt ubjecta at the place of the sector ACS. These image* thus 

 became object* which being multiplied by successive reflection* from 

 the mimf, produced in the field of view symmetrical pattern* of great 

 beauty. 

 Hon. km 



hare been executed in mch a manner that the 



two mirror* may be placed at any required angle with one another, by 

 which UMHI* the image* in the visible field of view may be varied at 

 pleaeur*. The instrument ia capable al*o of being constructed so that 

 the multiplied image may he projected on a screen, and thus made 

 visible at one time to many spectator*. In order to obtain this end, 

 the ray* of light from a powerful lamp are, by mean* of a lens, made 

 to fall upon the object in A CB at the farther extremities of the two 

 mirrun ; and at the eye-end of the instrument i* placed a lens of such 

 focal length that the ray* in each of the emergent pencils may con- 

 verge at the amen : there will thu* be formed on the latter a magnified 

 image of th* whole pattern. The tube containing the glass plates i* 

 frequently mounted on a stand having a ball-and-socket joint, on which 

 it may be turned in any convenient direction ; and the instrument 

 being thu* supported, the figure* in ita field may be easily sketched by 

 a ikilful artist, who by mean* of such an apparatus may be assisted 

 in designing beautiful pattern*. 



Sir David Brewator'i account of hi* invention is contained in his 

 'Trratine on the Kaleidoscope,' Edinburgh, 1819. of which a new 

 edition ha* iuat been pubU*hd (1860). Dr. Roget has ahown (' Annals 

 of Philosophy,' vuL XL) that the properties of the instrument may be 

 greatly extended by employing, not only two, but three, and even four 

 plane mirror*, united together at their edge* ao a* to form a hollow 

 priam, or frustum of a pyramid, the reflecting surface* being toward* 

 th* interior. Of theae, which an called Polycenlral kaletdoacopea, the 

 ifMtrumenta constructed with three plane mirrors appear to produce 

 the moat r I "ing effect* ; the mirrors may be disposed so that a section 

 perpendicular to the axis shall I* an equilateral triangle, a right-angled 

 iaoaorla* triangle, or a right-angled triangle having it* two acute angle* 

 equal to SO* and 60*. The first diaporition of the mirrors affords 

 regular combination* of image, in three different directions which 

 oroa* each other at angle* of 90* and 120* ; and to instrument* of th:- 

 kind Dr. Roget gave tha uame of Triampt, With the second 

 diapoaftion the field ia divided into aquare compartment* having the 

 hypothenuee of th* triangle for their id<i. : thi* i* called a Trtra- 

 mpt. The third disposition exhibits a field of view divided into 

 lnnjiajal oompartmenU ; and hence the instrument ia designated a 



KAL&NDJS. [KALMDAK.] 



K.M.KMiAK.aragbUr or distribution of the yew , accommodated 

 to the DM of life, containing tha order of day*, week*, month*, festi- 

 val*. *c , a* they occur in the coune of the year. It i* ao called from 

 the f miaul*, or Kalanda, which among the Roman* denoted the fint 

 tooth. The 



lay of every month. 



of civil institution, varies 



according to the diflerrnt distribution, of time in different countries. 

 Thoae which wa shall Uke more particular notice of are, the Koman, 

 the Julian, tha Gregorian, and the Reformed kalendar: a .light i, 

 of the other* will be sufficient. 



Romulne, aocording to tradition, formed what i* deemed the original 

 Borneo kalaodar, l.y which the year wa* divided into ten month* only, 

 ii indHlm of an unequal number nf day*, and began with March. The 

 total number of days was 301. It wa* however soon discovered that 

 the civil year, a* thus constituted, was much shorter than the solar 

 vaar. Rumulua therefore added two intercalary month* to every year ; 

 bat these Booth* war* not inserted in tha kalendar, nor were any 

 " i iyiH to them until the following reign. Some Koman anti 

 ' that the old kalendar continued in u*e till the 



tune or 



1 ', I 



Kuraa, m Imitation of the Greek*, divided tha year into twelve 

 with., according to the course of the moon, conaisting in all of 354 



day* : aocording to I'liny (' Hist Nat,' xxxiv. 7). be afterwards added 

 one day more to make the number odd, which was thought a more 

 fortunate number. But a* 10 day*, 5 hours, 49 minutes (or rather 

 48 minute* 58 seconds) were wanting to make the lunar year correspond 

 to the course of the sun, he intercalated every other year an extraordi- 

 nary month, called iletaii interralarii, or ilmxdmuctu, between the 

 23rd and 24th of February. Thi* month appear* to have consisted 

 alternately of 22 and 23 day* during period* of 22 year*, the last 

 bienniuui in the 22 year* being entirely passed over. The intera 

 of this month waa left to the discretion of the pontificea, who, l.y 

 inserting more or fewer day*, used to make the current year longer or 

 shorter, a* waa moat convenient for themselves or their friends ; for 

 instance, that a magistrate might sooner or later resign hi* oilier, or 

 contractor* for the revenue have longer or shorter time to collect thu 

 taxes. In consequence of this licence the mouths were transposed 

 from their proper season* ; the winter months carried back into 

 autumn, and the autumnal into summer. Some critics are of opinion 

 that there is a reference to this confusion in one of Cicero's letters to 

 his friend Atticus (x. 17). 



Julius Cassar, when he had mode himself master of the state, resolved 

 to put an end to this disorder, by abolishing the ue of the intercala- 

 tions ; and for that purpose (B.C. 47) adjusted the year according to 

 the course of the sun, and assigned to the months the number of (Lays 

 which they still contain. He also added an intercalary day to February 

 every four years. [BISSEXTILE.] To make everything proceed regu- 

 larly, from the 1st of the ensuing January, he inserted in the current 

 year, besides the intercalary month of 23 days, which fell into it, two 

 extraordinary months between November and December, the one of 

 33, the other of 34 days ; so that this year, which was called the hut 

 year of coN/wion, consisted of 15 months, or 445 days. (S 

 Vit. J. Ctca., c. 40.) These 67 days were inserted in order to set the 

 year right, which waa 67 days in advance of the true time. 



All this was effected by the care and skill of Sceigenes, an astro- 

 nomer of Alexandria, whom Caesar had brought to Rome for that 

 purpose ; and a new kalendar was formed from his arrangeui. 

 Flavins, digested according to the order of the Roman festivals, and 

 the old manner of computing the day* by kalends, nones, and ides, 

 which wan published and authorised by the dictator's 



This is the Julian or Solar year, which continues in use to this day 

 in all Christian countries, without any other variation than that of the 

 old and noe ityle, which was occasioned by a regulation of l'o[>e 

 Gregory XIII.. A.D. 1582, who, observing that the vernal equinox, which 

 at the time of the council of Nice, A.D. 325, had been on the 21st of 

 M ii. h. tin 11 happened on the 10th, by the advice of astronomers caused 

 ten days to be thrown out of the current year, between the 4th and 

 15th of October; and to make the civil year for the future to agree 

 with the real one, or with the annual revolution of the earth round the 

 HUH, or, as it was then expressed, with the annual motion of the sun in 

 the ecliptic, which is completed in 365 days, 5 hours, 4U minutes, he 

 ordained that every 100th year should not be leap-year, excepting the 

 400th ; so that the difference will hardly amount to a day in 7000 

 yean, or, according to a more accurate computation of the length of 

 the year, to a day in 5200 years. 



This alteration of the style was imini-ili.it.-ly adopted in all Catholic 

 countries; but not in Great liritniu till the year 17.VJ. 

 days were dropped between the 2nd and 14th of September, so that 

 this month contained only nineteen days; and thenceforth ti. 

 or reformed stylo was adopted, an it had boon before in most other 

 countries of Europe. The same year also another alteration was made 

 ! uul. by which the legal year, which before had begun on the 

 25th of March, began upon the first of January ; this alteratioi 

 took place on the 1st of January, 1752 : see the Statute i! I i : 



By this statute it was also enacted that the several yeant of our 

 Lord 1SOO, 100, 2100, 2200, 2300, or any hundrcth year of oiu 

 which Khali happen in time to come, except only every fourth hmidretli 

 year of our Lord, whereof the year 2000 shall be the first, shall not !.< 

 deemed bissextile or leap-years, but shall IK- - gammon 



yean, consiating of 365 days only: ami that the years 

 2000, 2400, 2800, and every other fourth hundredth year of our Lord 

 from the year 2000 inclusive, and alao all other yean of our !,..:.! wlii.li, 

 l.y the. present computation, ore considered bissextile or leaji-ycara, 

 shall, for the future be esteemed bissextile or leap-yean, . 

 866 day*: and that whereas according to the rule then in i 

 calculating Kaatcrday, that feast was fixed to the !:i-t Sun.; 

 the fint full moon next after the 21st of March ; and if ilie !u!, 

 happens on a Sunday, then Easter-day U the Sunday after: v.l, . i. 

 rule had been adopted by the general council of Ni.-e : l.nl thai 

 i of computing the full moons then used in the church of 

 land, and according to which the table to find Easter prefixed to the 

 book of Common Prayer is found, had bcv it was 



enacted that the said method should be discontinued, and that from 

 and after the 2nd of September, 1752, Easter day and the other n.. -. - 

 able and other feast* were henceforward to be reckoned according to 

 the kalendar table* and rule* annexed to the Act, and attached to the 

 i Common 1'rayer. This was, in fact, an enactment of 1h<- 

 Gregorian alteration, though no allusion to the source of the alteration 

 la made. [KASTEH, METHOD OK FINMM;. ] 



It is not generally known that an eflort wa* made to reform the 



