KIN. 



Dr. 



the body being observed. ( British and 

 m 1I*J>* Clli mitral Itoview,' No. it, ISIS.) 

 lUrby > at opukw that the general symptoms of thi* disease ore 

 iced by a - iteiaisj state of UM solar pUxu. per , or by irritation 

 J UM sstbonfe ayeten of nerve*. oao*ed by the cluee proximity and 



ills**) has beweommeil by the mkrosoope in some of these 

 uad to present an increased quantity of the white blood 

 . ** ofaeenred 1 fat UM disease known a* Leucocythemia. [BLOOD, 

 Dtuuwa or.] 



TV microscopic character of the skin has been carefully examined 

 in thi* ill, mi. and it ha* been found'to present the same appearance 

 a* ob**rved In UM akin of UM bUck man. The pigmentary matter of 

 the ek wa* found to b increased, and existed in larger quantities in 

 than in the upper layers of the epidermis. 



of Uu* diem** i* not aAVtod by our knowledge of ite 

 The remedies which would be applicable to bloodies* 

 d condition* of the system, should be tued here. Tonics, 

 diet, freeh air. and the mean* retorted to for restoring 

 in aawoia and Irucocythemia may be had recourse to here. i 

 The prognosis in thi* plseon i* unfavourable, although case* ore 

 reporteJin which recovery h taken place. 



Banpresslfai of urine m*y be the ultimate result of obstruction from 

 calculi in the ureters, or it may occur a* an idiopatluc di*e**e. It i* a 

 condition of grant dang**, for low delirium and a comatose deepy state 

 perrene on it, and soon terminate fatally. 'Long and 

 I attack* of retention of urine from obstruction produce 

 of the meteis ami pelvi*, which sometime* acquire an 

 M. There may result from the same cause a gradual 

 bcurption of UM substance of tl. kidney, till in an advanced stage 

 there i* found nothing but a thin vc containing urine in a single 

 cavity, or in a number of aeparate pouchv*. The kidney* ore olio 

 subject, in common with other organs, to the deposition of various 

 morbid substance*, a* cancer, fungui, hirmatodea, melanosis, tubercle, 

 Ac. Bat the diagnosis of all the chronic affections of this organ is 



->f each being the sax 

 oins, dropsy, and sometimes 



KIN. (DnonrT; IXTKSTACT.] 



KIN'. The primary use of this word is to denote a person in whom 

 is vested the higher executive functions in an independent state, together 

 with a ahere, more or lee* limited, of the sovereign power. The state 

 may rmneist of a vajrt a**embUge of person*, like the French or the 

 SpsnUh nation, or the British people, in which several nations are 

 included ; or it may be small, like the Danes, or like one of the states 

 while in Engi""! there were seven state* independent of each other ; 



Cif the chief executive function* are vested in Home one person who 

 ol*o a (hare in the sovereign power, the idea represented by the 

 ward ting **nns to be complete. It is even used for those chiefs of 

 ange tribe, who are a Hale only in a certain loose and colloquial sense 

 of the term. 



It signifies nothing whether the power of xnrh a person bo limit. -.1 

 only by hi* own onnsoienoe and will, or whether his power be limit. -.1 

 by certain rmiixtiinnlal usage* and written laws, or in any other way ; 



extremely obscure, the principal indications of each being the same, 

 vix., UM dull heavy pain in the loi 



till *nch a person is a king. 



loe* it signify whether he succeed to the (Arose, the scat on 

 which be U when hi the exercise of hi. r--y.il authority, by descent 

 ad hihtriranre on toe-death of hi* predecessor, just as the eldest son 

 of a pear succeeds hi hi* father'* rank and till.- on the death of the 

 parent, or i* elected to nil the office by some council or body of persons 

 elolil out of the nation he i* to govern, or by the suffrages of the 

 whole nation. Thu* there wa* a king of Poland who was on elected 

 kin*; a king of England who succeeded by hereditary right 



.Still, in eunntrie* where the kingly office i* hereditary, come form 

 ha* *lway* been gone through on the accession of a new king, in which 

 there we* a recognition on the part of the people of his right, a claim 

 from them that he .h-tild pledge himself to the performance of certain 

 duties, and generally a religion* ceremony performed, in which anoint- 

 ing him with uil and placing a crown upon his head were coiwpicu. ,us 

 lly this bwt'act is symbolised his supremacy; and by the 

 ing a certain aacradne** i* thrown around hi* person. These 

 Una* of eerenxjoie*, we believe, are found in all countries in which the 

 DTMvign. or the person sharing in the sovereign power, U known as 

 kin*;; and the** cmroonie* seem to make a distinction between the 



I ' of an hereditary king to hi* throne and the ucceeuon of an 



hereditary peer to hi* rank. 



The dk*Jnctto between a king and an emperor i* not very clearly 

 defined, tmftnr come* from tayerotor, a tide used by the sovereign* 

 of UM Borneo empire. When that empire became .1 

 nign.that of the Weetand that of the But, called hinueU an emperor. 

 Bptroii claimed kind of supremacy over other sovereign*, 

 "perarof Oermny wu regarded as a kind of successor to the 

 > of the Wait, and the emperor of Kuiwia (who was and i* 

 i called the Gnr), U, with lee* pretension to the honour, sometime. 

 poka of * mcceasor to the emperor of the Ka*. Hut we speak of 

 UM rro,*r- 1 of China, when emperor U dearly nothing more than 

 kmg. and we ue* emperor rather than king only out of regard to the 

 vast extent of hi. dominion*. Napoleon L called himwlf ai emperor, 





Kim M 



a title rnviveil by his nephew Napoleon III. ; and we sometimes speak 

 i'.nti.'.h t-inpire. [ KMI-I.KOH.] 



The word king U of pure Teutonic origin, and is found slightly 

 varied in iU literal elements in most of the languages which arc sprung 

 ::- Tc.it-.iiic. The French, the Italian, the Spanish, and the 

 Portuguese, on the other hand, have chosen to continue the use of the 

 Latin word rw, only slightly varying the orthography according to the 

 analogies of each (articular language. King, traced to it* origin, seems 

 to denote one to whom superior knowledge has given superior power, 

 allied, as it seem* to be, to i-now, eon, coit ; but on the et\ 

 what U the some thing, the remote origin of the won), il 

 ..pinions have been held, and the question may still be considered 

 undetermined. 



There are two or three other word* employed to designate the 

 sovereign* of particular states, in using which we adopt the word 

 whi h Uie people of those states u*e, instead of the word Hmj. Thu* 

 there i* the StaA of Persia, the elector of Hesse-Canel, the C'.vir (now 

 more commonly styled Kmperor) of Russia, and the grand >',/// 

 tli. I'niu-il State* of America very limited powers ore. given to one 

 person, who is elected to enjoy them for a short |>eri.sl with the title 

 of /VriWrii/. A Reyenl is a temporary king. 



A personage in whom such extraordinary powers have been vested 

 must of necessity have had very much to dq with the progress an.l v. !- 

 fare of particular nations, and with the progress of human society at large. 

 When held by a person of a tyrannical turn of mind, these powers might 

 be mode use of to repress all that was groat and genenms in ih.- masses 

 \\li v. ,-rc governed, and to introduce among them all thu evils and 

 miseries of slavery. Possessed by a person of an ambit i.ms spirit, tin v 

 might intmlu. unnecessary qiiarrulling among na- 

 w.iy f.T i-oniiuest, so that whole nations might miller for the gratifica- 

 tion ..f the personal ambition of one. The lover of peace and truth, 

 and human improvement and security, may hare fotiml in the posses- 

 sion of kingly power the mo uw of benefiting a people to on extent that 

 might satisfy the most benevolent heart. But it must now by t In- 

 long experience of mankind have become sufficiently apparent that for 

 the king himself and for his people it is best that there should bo t r< >ng 

 in the frame of society on the mere personal and private dis- 

 position of kings, in the forms ofcourts of justice, councils, parlia- 

 ments, and other bodies or single persons whose concurrence must be 

 obtained before anything is undertaken in which the int. 

 community are extensively involved. In most countries, as in 

 l.-ui'l. there ore controlling power* such a* these, and even in cor. 

 in which the executive and legislative power are nominally in 

 one person absolutely, the act* of that person are virtually controlled, 

 if by nothing else, by the opinion of the people, a power const. mtly 

 increasing a* the facilities of communication and the knowledge of a 

 people advance. 



Nothing can be more* varioiu than the constitutional checks in 

 different states on the kingly power, or, as it is more usually calU .1 in 

 Kiigland, the royal priroyutiic. Such a subject must be passed ov. r in 

 an article of confined limits such as this must be, else in speaking of 

 tin- kindly dignity it might have been proper to exhibit how diversely 

 power is distributed in different states, each having at its head a king. 

 lint the Kul.ject must not be dismissed without a few observati 

 tin- UtiL'ly .-Illce (now by hereditary descent discharged by a queen) 

 [QUEEN], as it exist* among ourselves. 



The dawn of the English kingly power is to be perceived in the 

 establishment of Kgbert, at the close of the 8th century, as king of the 

 Knglish. His family is illustrated by the talents ati<! 

 Alfred, and the peacefulness and piety of Edward. On his death then- 

 ensued a struggle for the succession between tl ..f tin- 



Danish kings, who for awhile luul usurped upon the ; 

 Egbert, and William then duke of Normandy. It ended with the 

 success of William. 



ThU is generally regarded as a kind of new beginning of the r 

 l-'nglinh kings, for William was but remotely allied to any ol the 

 Saxon kings. lu his descendants the kingly office has ever since con- 

 tinued ; but though the Kn^li-h throne is hereditary, it is not 

 iry in a sense perfectly absolute, nor does it seem to have been 

 ever so considered. For when Henry I. was dead, leaving only a 

 daughter, named Maud, she did not succeed to the throne ; 'and when 

 Stephen died, his son did not succeed, but the crown passed to the son 

 of Maud. Again, on the death of Itirhard I. a younger 1 

 succeeded, to the exclusion of the son and daughter of on elder brother 

 deceased. Then ensued a long series of regular and undisputed 

 successions; but when Richard II. was deposed, the crown passed to his 

 cousin Henry of Lancaster, son of John of Qaunt, son of K.IV...I.I III.. 

 though there were descendants living of Lionel, duk- . v. I,,. 



was older than John among the children ..i I M ward III. When tin- 

 rule of Henry VI. become weak, the issue of I.i.<nel advance.! their 

 claim. The struggle was long and bl.-.. ly. It ended in a kind of 

 compromise, tin- rhi.-f of the Lancastrian party taking to wife the 

 heiress of the Yorkists. From that marriage have sprung all the later 

 sovereign*, and the principle of hereditary succession rei, 

 undistnrlwd till the reign of King William III., who was called to the 

 "ii the abdication of James II., when an act was passed 

 excluding the male i**ue of James, the issue of his sinter the duchess 

 of Orleans, and the issue of his aunt the queen of Bohemia, with the 



