57 



KING'S BLUE. 



KINO. 



exception of her youngest daughter the princess Sophia and her issue, 

 - who were Protestants. On the death of Queen Anne this law of the 

 succession took effect in favour of King George I., sou of the Princess 

 Sophia. 



Now the heir succeeds to the throne immediately on the decease of 

 his predecessor, so that the king, as the phrase is, never dies. But it is 

 supposed that anciently there was a short intermission, and that the 

 whole of the royal power was not possessed till there had been same 

 kind of recognition on the part of the people. 



At the coronation of the king he makes oath to three things : that 

 he will govern according to law; that he will cause justice to be 

 administered ; and that he will maintain the Protestant church. 



His person is sacred. He cannot by any process of law be called to 

 account for any of his acts. His concurrence is necessary to every 

 legislative enactment. He sends embassies, makes treaties, and even 

 enters into wars without any previous consultation with parliament. 

 He nominates the judges and the other high officers of state, the 

 officers of the army and navy, the governors of colonies and dependen- 

 cies, the bishops, deans, and some other dignitaries of the church. He 

 calls parliament together, and can at his pleasure prorogue or dissolve 

 it. He is the fountain of honour : all hereditary titles are derived 

 from his grant. He can also grant privileges of an inferior kind, such 

 as rights of exclusive trading, and of markets and fairs. 



This is but a very slight sketch of the power inherent in the kings 

 of Kngland ; but the exercise of any or all of these powers is limited 

 by two circumstances : first, the king cannot act politically without 

 an agent, and this agent is not protected by that irresponsibility which 

 belongs to the king himself, but may be brought to account for his 

 acts if he transgress the law ; and, secondly, the constant necessity 

 which arises of applying to parliament for supplies of money gives to 

 that body virtually such a control over the exercise of the royal prc- 

 :ve, as amounts to a necessity of obtaining its concurrence in any 

 public measure of importance. [PARLIAMENT.] 



KING'S BLUE. [COLOURING MATTERS.] 



KING'S EVIL. [SCROFULA.] 



KING'S VKLLOW. [COLOURING MATTERS.] 



KINGS, THE BOOKS OF, the name of two books of the Old 

 T< t unent. They originally formed only one book in the Hebrew 



text, and are entitled 2^3^82. that is, ' lungs.' In the Septuagint 



they are divided into two books, and are entitled ' the third and fourth 

 !>k.< of reigns ' or kingdoms (f!a<ri\fiui> rpirri xal Tfrdprr)) ; since the 

 tir.it and second books of Samuel are called in this translation the first 

 aiirl second books of Kings. 



A* contain an account of Jewish history from the death of 

 David to that of Solomon (1 Kings, i.-xi.) ; an account of the division 



kingdom under his successor Rehoboam, and the history of the 

 two kingdoms of Israel and Judah, to the conquest of the former by 

 the Assyrians under Shaliuaneser (1 Kings, xii. 2 Kings, xvii.) ; and 

 the separate history of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, till they 

 were carried away captive to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar in the reign 



i >i;u-liin. ('2 Kings, xviii.-xxv.) The period covered by the two 

 books is 455 years. 



These books, in common with the books of Chronicles and many 

 others of the Old Testament, are generally ascribed to Ezra, though 

 the Jews give the authorship to Jeremiah or Isaiah, but neither 

 the author nor the time in which they were written can be determined 

 with any degree of certainty; and Biblical scholars are much divided 

 in opinion on the subject. It is evident from many passages, and 

 especially from the last chapter of these books, that a portion of them 

 inn t have been written in the time of the Babylonian captivity; but 

 tin n: are also other passages which must have been written before the 

 destruction of the kingdom of Israel, and while the temple at 

 Jerusalem was still standing. (1 Kings, viii. 8; ix. 13, 21; x. 12; 

 xii. 1'J ; 2 Kin^, viii. 22; x. 27; xiv. 7; xvii. 23, 34, 41.) It is 

 therefore probable that these books are only a collection of different 

 documents written by persons present at the events narrated, and that 



n|iiler only wrote such portions as were necessary to connect the 

 different documents, and to form one continuous narrative. 



But though there may be uncertainty as to the writer, there is 

 none as to the truth of the matters they record, of which the internal 



nee is sufficient proof, independent of which other parts of the 

 sacred writings bear testimony to their integrity, as Matt. xii. 42 ; 



us, xi. 4, &c., and our Lord, in Luke iv. 20, quotes the example 

 i.t 1 Klijah and Elisha that prophets have no honour in their own 



i y. The Jews have .uniformly accepted these writings as divinely 

 inspiri'il, and Christians as uniformly placed them among the 



ilcal books. 



KINIC or QUINIC ACID (C M H^O_aHO) is obtained from cin- 

 rhona bark, in the manufacture of sulphate of quinine. It occurs in 

 tli" Kirk united with the quinine, and when lime is added to a solution 

 of bark, a kinate of lime is formed. The kinic acid is procured from 

 this compound by the action of oxalic acid. It forms salts with the 

 metals, highly interesting to the chemist. 



Kinic acid hag a very sour, but when pure not a bitter taste; it 



ag litmus pa|;iT strongly; is unalterable in the air, dissolves 



t.imrs its weight of water at 48, and is also soluble in alcohol. 

 When heated in a retort it readily fuses, boils up, decomposes, blackens, 



and yields an empyreumatic oil, with pungent vapours of pyroTcinic 

 add, one portion of which condenses into a liquid, and another crystal- 

 lises. Sulphuric acid renders kinic acid first green, and then carbonises 

 it ; by the addition of a small portion of nitric acid it is converted 

 into an acid resembling the pyrokinic acid, which may be sublimed ; 

 but a large quantity of nitric acid changes it into oxalic acid. 



The natural kinates, except that of lime already mentioned, are only 

 obtained by complicated processes from the bark ; but by artificial 

 means they are readily procured, either by saturating the acid with 

 the bases, or by the double decomposition of kinate of baryta and the 

 sulphates of such bases as form soluble sulphates. We shall describe 

 only a few kinates, and chiefly those which exist in the cinchona, and 

 first we shall notice the most important of them, the 



Kinate of Quinine. The natural salt crystallises with difficulty, on 

 account of the admixture of yellow colouring and other matters, and 

 these have prevented the determination of its crystalline form. This 

 salt is very bitter, readily soluble in water, and but slightly so in alcohol 

 of sp. gr. 0'837. It is decomposable by heat, without residue. By 

 evaporation the solution is reduced to a viscid paste, which, when 

 moistened and exposed to the air, exhibits rudiments of crystallisation. 

 It is, like other salts of quinine, decomposed by the alkalies ammonia, 

 potash, and soda, which precipitate the quinine. Kinate of quinine 

 may be formed artificially by dissolving quinine recently precipitated 

 from the sulphate in a solution of kinic acid, with a gentle heat. By 

 exposure to the air the liquid becomes a mammellated mass, containing 

 small brilliant rhombic crystals of kinate of quinine. 



Kinate of Cinchonine. The natural compound very much resembles 

 that of quinine ; the artificial salt yields crystals by exposure to the 

 air, which are like, but are more distinct than, those of the kinate of 

 quinine obtained in the same way. This salt is bitter, very soluble in 

 water, and slightly so in alcohol of sp. gr. 0-837. 



Kinate of Lime (C 2s H 0|) CaO M + 20 aq.) This salt crystallises in 

 rhomboids and hexagonal plates ; it has but little taste ; it is soluble in 

 six times its weight oi water at GO , and much more so in boiling 

 water. It is insoluble in alcohol. It is decomposed by oxalic acid 

 and sulphuric acid, and also by the alkaline carbonates. According to 

 Berzelius, a small quantity of kinate of lime may be obtained from the 

 alburnum of the fir-tree. 



The properties of the artificial kinates are thus, with slight altera- 

 tions, given by Berzelius. Kinate of potash, bitter and deliquescent. 

 '/ soda crystallises in hexahedral prisms ; it appears to contain 

 no water of crystalliKation, and does not alter by exposure to the air. 

 Kinate of ammonia, deliquescent. By evaporation a portion of its acid 

 is set free. Kinate of baryta crystallises in dodecahedrons with trian- 

 gular faces ; becomes opaque by exposure to the air ; is very soluble 

 in water, but slightly so in alcohol of 0'330. Kinate of magnesia, very 

 soluble, and forms crystalline excrescences similar to cauliflowers. 

 Kin'ile of manyantsc crystallises in rose-coloured lamellar crystals. 

 Kinnle of zinc crystallises in lamintc, or in cauliflower-like aggregations. 

 Kinate t-f n irb I, a green gummy mass, very soluble in water. Perkinute 

 of iron, a reddish-yellow gummy mass, soluble in water. Kinate of 

 lead crystallises hi slender needles, which do not alter by exposure to 

 the air, and are soluble in alcohol. Kubkinate of lead, a white powder 

 insoluble in water. Kinate of copper crystallises in green needles, or 

 rhombic lamina); the surface becomes white by exposure to the air. 

 Perkinale of mercury, a colourless salt which does not crystallise. 

 Kinate of titter forms mammellated crystals, which readily blacken in 

 the light. 



When kinie acid or kinate of lime is distilled with sulphuric acid 

 and peroxide of manganese, a new compound called kinone, or kinoil, is 

 obtained. It occurs in crystals of a fine golden-yellow colour, which 

 are soluble in water, having a pungent smell when in the state of 

 vapour. When kinone is acted on by reducing agents, it takes up 

 2 and 4 equivalents of hydrogen, forming green and white liydrokinone. 

 The first forms green crystals of exceeding beauty ; the latter are 

 white. AVohler has obtained several compounds of kinone, of which 

 the following tabular statement gives the names as far as they are yet 

 known : 



Kinone .... 



Green liydrokinone 



White hydrokinonc . . 



Culorohydrokinonc 



Chloroklnone 



Kinonic acid . . ( 



Trichlorokinonc . . . 



I'erchlorokinone, or cbloranil . 



. c,, 11,0., c,, ii.o, 



. C 18 H 4 

 . C,, 11,010, 

 . C, ,11,010, 

 C.jH.O, 

 . C 1S HC1 3 0, 

 . C 1S C1,0, 



KINO, an astringent substance, the concrete juice of one or more 

 plants. Most skilful pharmacologists are agreed in referring the East 

 India kino, called also Amboyna kino, to the Ptcrocarpus marsii/iimit, 

 (Koxb. 'Coromand. Plants,' it, t. 116; ' Fl. Indica,' iii., p. 234), of 

 which I'lu'-ii-in-inix bllnbii* is perhaps a mere variety, though a smaller 

 tree. The first is a native of the Circar Mountains, and forests of the 

 Malabar coast. No kino is imported at the present day from Africa, 

 though the juice of Pterocarpui crenaceus is collected by the Sene- 

 gambians for their own use in medicine and the arts. It is quite a mis- 

 nomer to term the inspissated juice of the Nauclea, (Uncaria) gambier, 

 or ijambear, African kino, as this shrub grows in the Indian Archipelago. 



