K I NOSE. 



KlTCHEN-OAftDEN. 



I. Atsrtnfc . t ol Une i* procured from*. 



rrw./rr. 



(HI*.). which tod. its way to the, East Indies, where H U uswi aa 

 **&* a. Imbed Ui* othr kmd. are aleo,4vinc to ootton the 

 ialMili.i.ii eoloor known M nankeen; the colour varies with the 



of kmo used. 



In th. West Indies the juice ol the OwreU* n/<ra is called 

 marlfan kino, or American extract of rhatany, or false rhatany 

 tract The dinVrent extract, differ in their chemical habitude. 

 with rr agwu, but they all agree in poasening a along ***<** 

 power. Kino moat commonly ocean in grain* of a shining aapect and 

 rich ruby red colour ; they an easily reduced to powder. It is nearly 

 entirely aoluble in water and in alcohol. Vauquelin analysed that 

 aort which is termed African, and found it to consist of 75 per 

 cent ol tannin, S 4 of red mucilage, and 1 ol woody fibre. [T.vxxu 

 Arm.] 



Borne of the kino ol commerce ia no doubt produced by liulea 

 ufaM, which U common aa a tree or shrub in every part of India. 

 comparing together tturimnna of the astringent gum of this plant, 

 1 In Dr. Uoylc'. collection, with some brought from North 

 India l.y Mr. Beckett, and both theee with some sent from 

 a* tin- kino of the Anita /ro<fo*a, they were all three found* 

 to be identically th,- same kind of gum ; but Mr. Beckett's, from being 

 the Ireahatt apadmen, was the moat highly coloured. These were all 

 moreover found to correspond, especially the specimens from Bombay, 

 with some astringent gum found by Mr. IVn-ira in one of the old 

 drugguu' shop* of London, under the name of (lummi minim 

 jafrtMirM, which was the name by which kino waa known. 

 introduced Into practice by Dr. Fothergill a* ilummi attrition* dam- 

 MMT. It U remarkable that the Sanskrit name of Butta fronctota is 

 Hmuka. From its gum being labelled by a druggist as Gummi rubnim 

 actringriu, it is evident it must have been among the earliest sub- 

 stitute* for the African kind, of which so little haa ever been imported 

 into thia country. Analysed by Mr. !*> Solly, jun., the Butca kino v, .:< 

 found to contain between 60 and 70 per cent, of tannin with gum. It 

 i* curious that Dr. Roxburgh remarks of the gum of the Bulra fronilraa, 

 that it i* so like that of his Pttrocarptu marntjiimu that one description 

 might suffice for both, with respect as well in appearance as to the 

 action of chemical re-agent*, 

 vie Acin.] 



KIN'iNli AI III. | KI.MI A. n.] 



K 1 N '"/'), one of the groups of organic 



bodiea helonjins; to the Bumnin series of Gerhard's system of classifi- 

 cation. Several of the bodies belonging to this group are pr.xh. 

 th* metamorphosis of phenylic alcohol, and of salicylic, and indigotic 

 compound*. They are however usually prepared from the kinic acid 

 1 in cinchona bark. The following ore the principal bodies 

 ; to this group : 



Kinlc ttld 

 KUHM . 



II 



C..H.O, 



. r lt n.o. 



C..1I.O. 



c,,n.N,o 



,,.,. 



.aeU . 



KIXOTAXNU' ACID. [TAXXIC Acros.] 



rir AMI. r ncia 



found in cinchona bark, and abo produced by the .. ,! and 



-;iifif-if .-iriil ll'nr,-ii- A. it. i 



upon dUndo aciil. in.] 



KIHK sr.ssK.NS. [HKMiox*, Km*.] 



KIRHCHWA88ER. A kind of spirit prepared in the Vorarlborg 



I'very one knows what is generally under- 

 M.y this name, a kitchen-garden forming a sort of inseparable 

 junrt to every conntry-bouee, to the mansion of the rich as well aa 

 _th homfab coUaff.. In laying out the grounds of a 



KIT 

 Vl by thia name, a 



to ihc humbb oottag*; In laying out the grounds of a , 



!g li J??*J? Tfa fe illoola U mt d ' the aito of tho kitohen-garded. 

 Though it ahould not obtrnd. on i 



a^AmlHm^m'aV ftamat lw*na^ ll* fta^mlam t t\\ -II IV *|J| I J 



to a^wt, Mil, aad water. The aepact ahould be open to the south, but 



- , 



w^ bv rtata, ground or lofty tr* at torn. dl*tano*. The surface 

 ahould be nearhr bvel, or In -m oa***, acoording to the pervioui 



'^2^1*'? **' ? 1""* *"' l>ut ' ?*Hr Pkmg. 

 U slop. fn, north to aouth (.beat. The Sl should c-nsiat of a 

 Vnam : i-Mhw too light nor e adhesive aa to be liable to bind 

 ith*v. Thad^Khof 3flonghtnottobelea.Uian 

 at abaohttoly neeesaary foraoma kind* of vegetables. 

 "T? bnpfrvimi. it should be sub-trenched; and in 

 l*J "f** 1 *** b Mo thewhob ana ahould form a 

 TJ? I**! 1 * ** fa _: * W n convenient 



above directed, the most important and difficult part of the groundwork 

 la accomplished. 



Water ia very frequently obtained by means of pumps pln< 

 convenient situations throughout the garden ; but this u not the best 

 mode of supply, nor should it be resorted to except 

 alternative. Much injury U done to vegetation by v - , ..1.1 



spring water, or indeed with any water that i 

 oil and atmosphere in which the plant* are placed. Plant 

 watered at all in dry weather, if they are only kej.t al 

 better when rain does come than others that aro water.-. 

 chilled with water at a comparatively low teinpt-niUirc. The in j 

 effect* of chilling plant* by the application of very cold water i- 

 viiiiblo in plants of the cabbage kind After being tranxplanted fruni 

 the seed-beds a quantity of cold water is immediately \ 

 their roota, the furrounding dry soils absorbs a great i>rti<.n "f this 

 nup|ilT, the remainder is soon exhaled by evaporation, and the proceas 

 is again repeated. Sudden extremes of heat and cold, i 

 dryneas, derange the functions of the snongioles and roots ; obetruc- 

 tiona supervene, and occasion 'an accumul u-r in the - 



parts of the root, which is the principal cause of what is called 

 clubbing, or the formation of protuberances in cabbage-roots, a disease 

 which proves a chock to their future development by incapacitating 

 their roots for a due transmission c.f iiomihin.-nt : T the 



kitchen-garden should therefore bo derived from ix.mU or large 

 reservoirs fully exposed to the sun, and . \ , n th. .-. Uould l>u M 

 by open rather than underground channels ; they should also be 

 shallow, for the following reason the deeper the water the long, 

 a considerable portion next the bottom retain the U-iii).<-: 

 greatest density, about 40* Fahr. When the gener 

 water is above this the warmest is next the surface ; . 

 flow of water for the garden should be from the surf:: 

 reservoir. This may easily be effected by means of a floating o: 

 controlled sluice. When a broad sheet of water cannot be oi 

 for the supply of a garden some advantage will bo gained by pi 

 large cisterns in which water raised by pumps may be exposed 

 air for some time previous to its being used. 



The quantity of ground which a kitchen-garden should contain must 

 bo regulated according to the number of individuals whirl. 

 required to supply. An acre U calculated to afford a t..ln :!.:. Mipplv 

 for sixteen individuals, but much depends on tin- n.-.tun; 

 vegetables required. Potatoes, turnips, peas, and carrots are frequent ly 

 obtained of Iwtter Duality and at less expense from a field than D 

 garden. With respect to potatoes in partier.: 



v generally cultivated in gardens. If the mansion be only fully 

 occupied for a part of the season, the quantity of ground will require 

 to be nearly as much aa if the supply were required throughout th, 

 year. Thus for example, a considerable breadth may be found 

 necessary for peas in spring, and the. same may be occupie.1 

 broccoli in autumn; so that the ground which would be sufficient for 

 a few months' demand may be made equally so for the whole season 

 liy a proper succession of crops. For similar reasons it v, ; 

 th.it where a steady supply is required, proportionably less ground will 

 be requisite than when the demand alternately exceeds and falls short 

 of the mean. 



A moderate establishment will require two acres of kitchen-;: 

 and a large one five or six ; and in either case it may lx> 

 necessary to have recourse to field culture for those productions to 

 which that mode of rearing is more especially 



The form of a kitchen-garden should be composed of straight 



r. it will prove a saving of labour; for it is practically 

 aired to trench a piece of ground of a 



triangular form, than if the name extent were in the shape of a square 

 or ptimUalogrmm ; and besides, labourers who may not happen to be 

 accustomed to the method of working such figures as have inclined 

 rides are liable to make the surface irregular. A range of forcing- 

 hnuaea is generally placed on the north side ; anil OH th. wall on that 

 side is the most valuable for fruit trees on account of its direct south 

 aspect, it becomes drximl.le that it should ! extended as much as 

 posaibl. l,th ends of the ran^e. The f,,i 



U consequently determined to bo that ol , id, 



long side* running due east and west The m. 

 containing al, i>iu f., r culinary forcing, should form an adjoining 

 compartment well sheltered and exclndi-d from the view on account oi 

 the quantities of litter and other fermenting substances which it must 

 necessarily contain. 



1 that grapes ripen better against a very high wall than 

 wh.-n train...! .. n a ]., .,ne. The conclusion to bo draw n 

 this fact niimt IH-, that a greater accumulation of heat will take place 



wall U f. . t high than where the height is less, on.! 

 lytho trees, whilst they have space for a greater extension, 

 enjoy an increased degree of warmth. Therefore it will be d. 

 that the walls of a kitchen-gn: l not bo less than the I. 



*o ve ' with the exception of the one on the south, . 



may be <.nly ID feet, because it will occasion leas shade; and U 

 wall on the Opposite or north side be mode 14 feet high instead of 12 

 feet, greater utility and a better effect will result. Once erected, walls 

 valuable to be left unoceupi.-d. and a border should accordingly 

 i' formed outside, as well as inside, for the reception of fruit-trees to 



