



LEOEST). 



LEOIOK OF HONOUR. 



M 



Ctaro.whocooo<>eeMkmtoTighTehmenlly 

 T could Attend it wbn it suited hU purpose ; 

 ad n a bttar to Aukua (i. 1) b exprnm hu intention to visit 

 dHjpfawOau! in thh capacity for the purpota of furthering hu election 



At the imsenl day legate sjgnifle* an ambassador, or nuncio, of the 

 op*. They are of the highest CSMS of ambassadors; but are not 

 pmgiiJftH in Great Britain. [AXBAM&DO* ; Nr.xcto.j 



There are several kind* of papal legate*, l^ratiu a latert, Irgalta 

 rnatuf. Ice. Lrgaies a ntere are sent on the highest missions to the 

 principal fomgn court*, and a* governor* of provinces of the Roman 

 V I***-, thence called legations. Legatua natus is a person who 

 old* the oftVw of legate a* incident and annexed to some other office, 

 and U. we should say, legate ex of no. As this office or title 

 exempted the bolder from the authority of the legates a latere, it was 

 earnestly sought after by the bishop*. The archbishop of Canterbury 

 WM formerly a tegatu* natos, and in 1100, Ouido, archbishop of 

 Thane, having been tent to England a* legato by the pope, waa not 

 allowed by Henry I. to exercise hu office. There are now three or four 

 German btohopric* permanently invested with the privileges of the 

 ofjfoa. I aislss of a lower rank than cardinals are called nuncii apostolici. 

 > (from the Latin word legend**, a thing to be read) is 

 Mid commonly in the sense of fabulous or doubtful narratives, such as 

 the exploit* of heroes of the middle times between history and fiction, 

 tale* of luperstition, or other subject*, in which credulity and impos- 

 ture find free room for exercise. Thus legends have come to signify 

 that which is usually rather matter of tradition than of written 

 evidence. In old authors the word occurs in its simple meaning. 



><f I* also used technically to denote the words encircling a coin ; 

 to writing on tablet* the word iatcriptioit is applied, which is also used 

 instead of legend where a sentence, instead of encircling, occupies the 

 plats of a device on the coin. 



LEGER Lioet and Space* (Legtr, Fr., Unfit), in Music, the lines 

 and space* added to the staff when the notes exceed the ordinary com- 

 pass. The word is often improperly written Ledger. 



LEGION. In a Roman consular army each grand division, corre- 

 sponding nearly to a modern brigade, was so denominated ; and the 

 rard indicates a selection of the individuals composing such division. 

 The name U still occasionally given to a body of troops consisting of 

 several regiment* or battalions, when raised at a particular place or for 

 a particular service. 



The strength of a Roman legion varied at different periods. When 

 Romulus divided the citizens of his newly-formed state into three 

 portions or tribes, he also divided the men who were able to bear arms 

 Into bodies of 3000 men, and each of these constituted a legion, which 

 was commanded by one or three protects or tribunes. (Plutarch, in 

 ' Rom.') Servius Tullius, who, by the enlargement of the city, formed 

 a fourth tribe, is supposed to have raised the strength of the legion to 

 4000 man. About 150 yean afterwards, when Camillas marched 

 against Satricum, he had four legions, each of which consisted of that 

 umber of men (Liv., i. 22) ; but, twenty years later, the strength of 

 the legion is stated to have been 5000 foot and 300 horse. (Liv., viii. 8.) 

 This probaWy continued to be the general establishment of that body 

 of troops, though particular circumstances might cause it to be occa- 

 sionally increased. Scipio landed in Africa (Liv., xxix. 24) with two 

 legions, each consisting of 6200 men (though the best commentators 

 that 8800 i* meant) ; and while the Roman army was acting 

 : Perera* in Macedon, each legion contained 6000 loot and 20C 

 (Lir., xliii. 11) Vegetiua, who lived in the 4th century, 

 describes the legion (lib. U., cap. 6) as a body consisting of 6100 foot 

 soldier*, beside* 720 horsemen; but he designate* this the ancient 

 legion, and his account is probably applicable only to the state of thai 

 body in the age of Hadrian and the Antonines. The legion declined 

 under the later emperors, and in the time of Constantino it appears to 

 have consulted of only 1500 men. 



During the reign of Augustus twenty-five legions were placed per- 

 manently on the frontiers of the empire ; and in the time of Hadrian 

 the number of legion* composing the Roman army was 30, excln.-iw 

 of the auxiliaries. Their disposition in Italy and the provinces may be 

 Man in Gibbon, vol. i., ch. 1. Tho legion* were denoted by numbers, 

 and they were further designated by the name of the emperor who 

 rmiMd them, or by the name of the place where they were raised, or 

 where they had distinguished themselves. 



The manner hi which the soldiers were elected to serve in the legion* 

 ! fully described by Polybius (book vL, ch. 1), who lived in the age of 

 PiUus and Scipio ; and it may be presumed that this was in accord- 

 ance with the prescribed regulations, which however were only followed 

 when the necessities of the state did not compel the magistrate* to 

 dispense with them. When an army consisting of four legions was to 

 be raised, the citizens of the proper ages being assembled on an 

 appointed day in the Capitol, the military tribunes drew out the tribes 

 by lot, and from that which was first called they selected four men of 

 nearly equal age and stature : of these the tribune* who were appointee 

 to the first legion choM one; thcae who were appointed to the seconc 

 legion chow another; and so on. Afterwards the whole body of the 

 tribune* chuw four other men, and of thwe the tribune* of the secern 

 legion first ohoM one ; thcee of the third legion then chose another 

 and so on, the tribunes of the first legion taking the last man of Uit 



our. In like order the election proceeded, till the required number of 

 men was obtained. Polybius states that, in his time, the horsemen 

 were enrolled before the foot soldiers, but that anciently the former 

 fere chosen last. 



Immediately after the enrolment, the recruits for the legions being 

 mode to advance one by one, each was sworn to be obedient to his 

 commanders, and to execute all the orders which he should receive 

 rom them to the utmost of his power. 



\\ ! . 11 soldiers were to be raised from the allied cities of Italy, notice 



appears to have been sent by the consuls to the magistrate* of those 



cities, who then enrolled men in a manner similar to that which wat 



practised at Rome ; and, having caused them to be disciplined, sent 



hem to join the army. 



On the institution of regular bodies of troops by Romulus, he is said 

 to have divided them (probably each legion) into companies of 100 men, 

 and these were called .Wanipuli, from the bundles of grass which served 

 u standards for the people who accompanied him when he attacked 

 the palace of Amulius. (Aur. Victor, ' Origo Gen. Rom.,' c. 2'J.) The 

 first mention of a cohort occurs shortly after the expulsion of the kings 

 I I.iv., ii. 11); and in the time of Polybius the legion waa divided into 

 ten cohort*, each of these into three manipuli (Polyb., b. xi.), and each 

 of the latter into two ccnturiip. [COHORT.] A manipulus must have 

 then consisted of 200 men ; and at a later period it designated a body 

 of less than the original number. Two Centurionc* were appointed 

 under each Manipulut : each Ctnturione had under him two Sub- 

 Cfnturiona, and a standard-bearer (Si^nifer). Beneath these were the 

 Decurionet. Under Hadrian and the emperors immediately following 

 him the cohorts appear to have been of unequal strength. Vegetiu* 

 states that the first, which was called cohort milliaria, and which carried 

 the eagle, consisted of 1500 foot and 132 horsemen ; the second, called 

 cohort quingrnaria, of 555 foot and 70 horsemen ; and that the re- 

 maining cohort* were nearly of the same strength as the second. 



Servius Tullius is said to have divided the military force into five 

 different classes of troops (Liv., L 43), which were distinguished by 

 their armour ; but from the commencement of the republic, or nearly 

 so, the order of battle consisted of three lines of troops, the I/iulali, 

 the Principtt, and the Triarii (Liv., viii. 8.) The Vtlilri (light troops 

 or skirmishers) had no particular station, and except the latter, all the 

 troops, according to Polybius, were armed nearly in the same manner. 

 The youngest men were selected to act as velites : they were armed 

 with bows or slings, and some of them carried a light javelin. After 

 the time of Marius these ceased to be enrolled as legionary troops, and 

 were chiefly foreigners. Vegetius designates them Pcrtntarii. They 

 wore short swords, and were provided with bucklers of a circular form, 

 about three feet in diameter. The staff of their javelin was two cubits 

 long, and as thick only as a finger ; the iron head tapered gradually to 

 a fine point, in order that, being bent at the first discharge, it might be 

 rendered useless to the enemy. 



The haetati of all the cohorts were stationed in the first line ; the 

 principea formed the second, those of each cohort supporting their own 

 hastati; and the triarii were similarly disposed in the third line to 

 supiwrt the principes. All the three classes were cuiupletely armed 

 with cuirass, helmet, and greaves ; their buckler was 4 feet long and 

 2J feet broad, and five arrows were placed in it* concavity, to be 

 thrown when necessary. Each man waa provided with a long and :i 

 short sword, the blade of the former being strong, and made cither to cut 

 orthrust; and he carried, besides, two javelins, or pita. (P.ily'i., l>. vi.) 

 The only difference in the arms of the three classes seems to have con- 

 sisted in the size of the jiilum, those used by the triarii, or veteran 

 soldiers, in the time of Varro being longer and heavier than those of 

 the men in the other lines. 



It is supposed that originally the principes were stationed in tho 

 first line, and that they were men of the superior classes ; from which 

 circumstance, or because they came first into action, they may have 

 acquired their designation. 



The front of the legion, when in order of battle, was formed by ten 

 corps of the hastati, each corps being arranged with 16 men in front, 

 and 10 in depth. The second line, or that of the principes, waa of the 

 game strength, and was drawn up in the same manner. The Hue of 

 triarii consisted also of ten corps; but these had only 10 men in front 

 and 6 in depth. Kvcry legionary soldier was allowed five feet in front, 

 and as much in depth, in order that he might be enabled to make free 

 use of his arms. 



The cavalry of a Roman legion was divided into ten turmr, of about 

 80 horsemen each, who, in order of battle, were drawn up with 8 in 

 front, and 4 in depth. Each legion of the allies had however COO 

 horsemen; so that the cavalry of a ooniular army (consisting of two 

 i legions and two legions of allies) amounted to 1800 men, who 

 were dixposed on tho wings of the legion, in one line or two, according 

 to circumstances. The legionary cavalry were furnished with cuirasses 

 and hclmeta, and they were accompanied by light-armed horsemen, 

 wlni M-rved as archers. 



:<>N ill-' HONOUR, on 01 o, owes its 



origin to article 87 of the constitution of 1800, which provided that 

 " national recompenses should be bestowed on the warriors who had 

 performed brilliant servicei," and this principle was organised to some 

 extent by the joint consuls. Napoleon I -usul for life, esta- 



blished an 1 endowed it early in the year 1802, notwithstanding 



