LIP. 



LITHIUM. 



300 



obtain the mucilage by merely pouring oold inter on the entire seeds, 

 ^n (a bruit* thVtn and pour boiling water on them, as generally 

 directed. Tbe mucilage in analogous to that of the quince wed 

 rCtDOXiA in NAT HI^T. i>iv.j,an<i differ* in it* chemical habitude*. 

 In several mpecU, from common gum. The coni|mund infusion of 

 liowcd is demulcent, and the unpleasant taste may be much lessened 

 by "-*"g oold water to form it, at stated above. The farina of the 

 teds, ground before the oil baa been exprresed. fumuhes the beet 

 material for poultice*, but does not keep well. The cake remaining 

 after the expression of the oil is much used to fatten cattle, but gives 

 a peculiar taste to the meat. 



The lint, or charpie, used by surgeons to dress ulcers, Ac., should 

 always be prepared from linen-cloth and never from cotton, as an 

 rMeotial difference exist* in the nature of their fibres, which causes 

 that of cotton to prove extremely irritating. 



LIT. [HARELIP] 



LII'IC ACIIX [SnviNi.- ACID.] 



LIPRYL, a name formerly applied to the radical of glycerin. [GLY 

 cmx.1 



LIQUEFACTION'. When heat is supplied in sufficient quantity to 

 a solid body, it changes its form and becomes liquid. When this 

 change take* place in the case of ice the process is called liquefaction, 

 but in the case of metals fmion. So also if heat be abstracted in suffi- 

 cient quantity from a liquid, it usually becomes solid, which process, 

 in the case of bodies which under ordinary circumstances are liquid, 

 such as water, oil, 4c., is called congelation ; but for bodies which are 

 usually solid, such as the metals, the process is called solidincatiwi. 



more important phenomena attending liquefaction are stated 

 under LATKNT HEAT. [See also FREEZING MIXTURES; HEAT.] Bodies 

 require very various amounts of heat for liquefaction. Mercury, for 

 example, fuses at 39* below zero, wrought iron above +3280. 

 The following table contains the fusing points of the substance.- 

 named: 



Name* 



Jlerenrv 

 Oil of vitriol 

 Bromine 

 Ice . 



i 

 Pouuium 



Fshr. 

 . 39 

 -SO 

 , + 9-3 

 , SI 

 111-9 

 136 



Yellow rl ..... ! 



207-7 

 224-6 

 239 



Sodium 



Iodine 



Sulphur 



Tin 



BUmuth 



Nitnte of sods . 



Letd 



Kitrate of potaih 



Zinc 



Antimony (about) 



Surer 



Copper .. 



Gold 



Cut-Iron .. 



Wroofbt-tron . 



S12 

 691 

 630 

 642 

 773 

 BOO 

 177J 

 1996 

 2016 

 2786 

 above 3280 



Authority. 



Hutehliw. 

 Ilrgnault. 

 Pierre. 



Schrutter. 

 Rrgiuult. 

 Person. 

 Rcgnault. 

 Oay Lussnr. 



Pernou. 



The fusing poinU of alloys are often much lower than the fusing 

 point of either of their component*. An alloy of two parts bismuth, 

 one of lead, and one of tin, fuses at 200*. The alloy of eight parU 

 bismuth, five of lead, and three of tin, fuses a little below 212 : the 

 addition of one part mercury renders it still more fusible. It is a 

 very convenient substance for taking cast*. When this fntible metal, 

 as it it called, is poured upon a marble slab, and broken as soon as it 

 it cool enough to be handled; its surfaces are bright and conchoidal, 

 but the metal is very brittle. Soon, however, it becomes very hot, 

 ctmas to be brittle, and the fractured surface becomes granular and 

 dull ; this change of temperature must arise from some new molecular 

 arrangement of the particle* after solidification ; it does not appear to 

 be doe to the evolution of latent heat, arising from the solidifica- 

 tion of the interior after that of the exterior crust, a* has been 

 MgfwUd. The metal after falling to 00 has been known to rise 

 toISO*. Tbe use of fluxes by the metallurgist and others affords 

 numerous illustrations of the fact that mixture* of various bodies fuse 

 at lower temperature* than their component parti do separately. 

 Mixture* of various salt* illustrate the some fact : thus, nitrate of 

 potash fuses at 642*, nitrate of soda at 691 ", but a mixture of the two 

 alu in equivalent proportions liquefies as low a* 4 



Under the combined influence of pressure and cold most of the gues 

 have been liquefied and even solidified a* noticed under UAES, Ligrr.- 

 rACTiox or. 



Llyl'EKACTION OF OASES. [OAK, LIQUWACTIOH or.] 



LIQUIDITY I* that condition of a material substance in which the 

 partioles have a perfect freedom of motion, without any sensible ten- 

 dency to approach to or recede from one another, except by the action 

 of *om external power. Liquidity is therefore comprehended in tho 

 condition of fluidity, the latter term being applied as well to gases, and 

 even to the principle of electricity, magnetism, A-c., a* to water, oil, 

 Ac., whieh are properly celled liquids. [FLUID ; FLCIDITT.] 



The phenomena of capillary or molecular action show that the 

 attractions which constitute what are called the ajKxiiin of substances 

 extend to very small distances only from the particle* ; and hence, 

 when the particle* of a substance are situated beyond the limits of 

 such attractive forces, the repulsive power, arising probably from the 

 action of caloric, causes the particles to recede continually from one 

 another, and induces the state of aeriform fluidity. [ATTRACTION.] 

 Now the phenomena of crystallisation seem to indicate that the attrac- 

 tion of affinity is exerted with greater or leas intensity according a* the 

 like or unlike sides of the particles of a subst.r melves 



to one another in their mutual approaches ; but it is probable that this 

 modification of the attraction of affinity extends to less distance 

 the centres of gravity of the particle* than the general attraction 

 extends : hence, when the particles of a substance are, from any cause, 

 brought so near one another that tho attraction of affinity is in equi- 

 librio with the repulsive force of the caloric, and at the same time the 

 modification of that attraction caused by t|M various positions which 

 the particles assume in approaching one another, entirely or nearly 

 vanished, it should follow that the particles become freely moveaHu in 

 any direction about one another, whatever be their form ; and thus 

 may arise the condition of liquidity. 



It may be added that, if the particles of a substance be, by the 

 abstraction of caloric, made to approach still nearer to one another, the 

 attraction of affinity will exceed the force of repulsion ; and there will 

 be constituted a solid body, which may be crystallised or not according 

 as the particles approach one another gradually or otherwise : in the 

 former case they may arrange themselves in such positions as to 

 become connected together in one direction by the sides at which 

 the attraction is the greatest; while, if the approach is rapid and 

 is accompanied by agitation, the union of the particles may tak 

 irregularly. 



The particles of a liquid are held together with considerable force 

 notwithstanding their freedom of motion, since a small quantity of a 

 liquid has a tendency to take a spherical form when at a distance from 

 any substance for which its particles have greater affinity than for one 

 another : this is very evident in mercury, oil, and water, the first of 

 which on being suffered to fall on a table immediately divides 

 into globules, and the others take a like form when a small quantity of 

 either is suspended from a pointed extremity of any object. 



The dilatations of water and mercury by the application of heat, as 

 well as the remarkable fact that the expansions of water are equal at 

 temperatures which arc at equal distances above and below about 39 

 Kalir., will be noticed under THERMOMETER. See also HEAT. But the 

 expansions of any liquid, at different temperatures, for equal increments 

 of caloric, are not equal to one another ; and indeed the same remark 

 may be extended to solids, as shown under HEAT. The phenomena of 

 molecular action in liquids are noticed under CAPILLARY ATTRACTION, 

 DIFFUSION, &c. See also MOLECULAR ATTRACTION, and for the specific 

 heat of liquids, or their capacity for caloric, SPECIFIC HEAT. 



LIQUOR OF CADET. [CACODYL.] 



LIQUORICE. [GLYCYRHIZA.] 



LIRIODENDRIN, a colourless, non-azotised, crystalline substance, 

 found in the stem of the Virginian tulip (Liriodendron lulipifero^. It 

 is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in alcohol and ether. Its 

 composition has not been determined. 



LIS PENDENS. [NOTICE.] 



LIST, CIVIL. [CIVIL LIST.] 



LISTING. [ENLISTMENT.] 



LITANY, a collection of prayers and supplications. The term is 

 derived from the Greek (AITOVH'O), and was adopted by Christian 

 writers at a very early period. St. Basil tells us that Litanies were 

 read in the church of Neocaasarea, between Gregory Thaumaturgus's 

 time and his own : and St. Ambrose has left a form of LiUny \\ hic.h 

 bears his name, still used in Milan. In the early churches the Litanies 

 were said in solemn procession. 



In the Common Prayer Book of 1549 (the first book of King 

 Edward), the Litany was placed between the Communion Office and 

 the Office for Baptism, under the title of ' The Letany and Suffrages;' 

 which book also directed it to be said or sung on Wednesdays and 

 Fridays. In the review of the Common Prayer in 1652, the Litany 

 was placed where it now stands, with the direction that it Khali I."- 

 used on Sundays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and at other time- win u 

 it shall bo commanded by the ordinary. Till the last review, in 

 1H61, the Litany was used as a distinct sen-ice, and foll.iw.,1 the 

 Morning Prayer; it was then directed and has ever since continued to 

 be read as one office with the Morning Prayer, after the third Collect 

 for Grace. 



LITHAROE. [LKAD: Lead and Osygtn.] 



LITH1A (LiO). The alkaline base formed by the union of lithium 

 with oxygen. It unites with acids to form an extensive clow of mlt.. 



[LITHIUM.] 



I. ITU 1C ACID. [URIC Ann.] 



LITHIUM (L). In it* chemical relations this metal more nearly 

 resembles the alkali metal*, potassium and sodium, than any others ; 

 but it in a kind of connecting link between that group and the ri' 

 metals of the alkaline earth* (barium, calcium, fcc.) It* existence was 

 first pointed out by Arfwedson (1817), who discovered its oxide when 

 examining a mineral in the laboratory of Berzelius. Its name is 



